Sixty-first Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds

This is the 20th supplement since publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU] 1998). It summarizes decisions made between April 15, 2019 and April 15, 2020 by the American Ornithological Society’s (formerly American Ornithologists’ Union’s) Committee on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle America. The Committee has continued to operate in the manner outlined in the 42nd Supplement (Banks et al. 2000). During the past year, Shawn M. Billerman and Nicholas A. Mason were added to the committee.

Changes in this supplement include the following: (1) 3 species (Buteo rufinus, Brotogeris chiriri, and Lanius collurio) are added to the main list, including 1 species transferred from the Appendix, on the basis of new distributional information; (2) 2 species (Anas diazi and Formicarius moniliger) are added to the main list because of splits from species already on the list; (3) 1 species (Zimmerius parvus) is added to the main list because of a split from a species already on the list, as well as from 2 extralimital species; (4) 2 scientific names are changed (to Sarkidiornis sylvicola and Turdus eunomus) because of splits from extralimital species, although the English names are retained; (5) the English name and distributional statement of 1 species (Zosterops japonicus) are changed because of a split from an extralimital species; (6) the distributional statement of 1 species (Thalasseus maximus) is changed because of a split from an extralimital species; (7) 1 species (Corvus caurinus) is lost by merger with a species already on the list; (8) 1 species (Uraeginthus bengalus) is removed from the main list and placed in the Appendix; (9) 7 genera (Gymnasio, Poliocrania, Sipia, Dendroma, Pseudopipra, Helopsaltes, and Loriotus) are added due to splits from other genera, resulting in changes to 7 scientific names (Gymnasio nudipes, Poliocrania exsul, Sipia laemosticta, Dendroma rufa, Pseudopipra pipra, Helopsaltes ochotensis, and Loriotus luctuosus); (10) 1 genus (Atthis) is lost by merger with a genus already on the list, resulting in changes to 2 scientific names (Selasphorus heloisa and S. ellioti); (11) the gender ending of the scientific name of 1 species (Cyanolyca nanus) is corrected; (12) the English name of 1 species (Epinecrophylla fulviventris) is changed; (13) 1 new species (Alcedo atthis) is added to the Appendix; (14) 5 species (Anser anser, Coccyzus melacoryphus, Haematopus ostralegus, Pluvialis apricaria, and Pseudobulweria rostrata) are added to the list of species known to occur in the United States; and (15) 4 species (Numida meleagris, Estrilda melpoda, E. troglodytes, and Lonchura malacca) are removed from the list of species known to occur in the United States.

More sweeping changes derive from adoption of a new classification for a portion of the hummingbird subfamily Trochilinae, encompassing the genera Chlorostilbon through Hylocharis, which results in the following: (1) 7 species (Cynanthus auriceps, C. forficatus, C. canivetii, Microchera cupreiceps, M. chionura, Goldmania bella, and Eupherusa ridgwayi) are transferred to currently recognized genera; (2) 9 genera (Phaeoptila, Riccordia, Basilinna, Pampa, Leucolia, Saucerottia, Chrysuronia, Polyerata, and Chlorestes) are added because of splits from other genera; (3) 6 genera (Cyanophaia, Elvira, Goethalsia, Lepidopyga, Hylocharis, and Juliamyia) are deleted, 5 of which (all except Hylocharis) are subsumed into other genera; and (4) a new linear sequence is adopted for these genera and species.

Three subfamilies (Phasianinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae) are deleted, and new linear sequences are adopted for families in the order Suliformes, genera in the family Rallidae, species in the genera Dendrortyx, Megascops (and related genera), Chloroceryle, Ara, Forpus, Myrmeciza (and related genera), and Progne, and species in the families Phalacrocoracidae, Cathartidae, and Locustellidae, all due to new phylogenetic data.

Literature that provides the basis for the Committee’s decisions is cited at the end of this supplement, and citations not already in the Literature Cited of the 7th edition (with supplements) become additions to it. A list of the bird species known from the AOS Check-list area can be found at http://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa, and proposals that form the basis for this supplement can be found at https://americanornithology.org/nacc/current-prior-proposals/2020-proposals/.

The following changes to the 7th edition (page numbers refer thereto) and its supplements result from the Committee’s actions:

p. xiii. New criteria are adopted for assessing the establishment of introduced species, largely following the revised standards of the American Birding Association (Pranty et al. 2008). In particular, the minimum persistence time for establishment has been changed from 10 to 15 yr, to allow for more accurate determination of the ability of an introduced species to persist in the wild.

Change the first sentence of the second paragraph under “Criteria for Inclusion” to the following: “Species that have been introduced by humans, either deliberately or accidentally, are considered to be established if the following criteria are met: (1) the species is documented by a specimen or published photograph, (2) there are persistent records for at least fifteen years, (3) the species is represented by a bona fide population rather than by scattered individuals, (4) the population can survive routine mortality and breeding failure, (5) the population is reasonably stable or increasing through successful reproduction, and (6) a publication documents the meeting of these criteria (cf.Roberson 1993, Pranty et al. 2008).”

p. xiii. Revised guidelines for English names are adopted, superseding those set forth in AOU (1983) and modified in AOU (1998). Delete the current English names subsection in its entirety and replace it with the text available online at https://americanornithology.org/nacc/guidelines-for-english-bird-names/.

pp. xvii–liv. Increase the number in the title of the list of species to 2,158. Insert the following names in the proper position as indicated by the text of this supplement:

• Sarkidiornis sylvicola Comb Duck.

• Anas diazi Mexican Duck.

• Selasphorus heloisa Bumblebee Hummingbird.

• Selasphorus ellioti Wine-throated Hummingbird.

• Phaeoptila sordida Dusky Hummingbird.

• Riccordia ricordii Cuban Emerald.

• †Riccordia bracei Brace’s Emerald.

• Riccordia swainsonii Hispaniolan Emerald.

• Riccordia maugaeus Puerto Rican Emerald.

• Riccordia bicolor Blue-headed Hummingbird.

• Cynanthus auriceps Golden-crowned Emerald.

• Cynanthus forficatus Cozumel Emerald.

• Cynanthus canivetii Canivet’s Emerald.

• Basilinna leucotis White-eared Hummingbird.

• Basilinna xantusii Xantus’s Hummingbird.

• Pampa curvipennis Wedge-tailed Sabrewing.

• Pampa excellens Long-tailed Sabrewing.

• Pampa rufa Rufous Sabrewing.

• Microchera cupreiceps Coppery-headed Emerald.

• Microchera chionura White-tailed Emerald.

• Goldmania bella Pirre Hummingbird.

• Eupherusa ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph.

• Leucolia violiceps Violet-crowned Hummingbird.

• Leucolia viridifrons Green-fronted Hummingbird.

• Saucerottia cyanocephala Azure-crowned Hummingbird.

• Saucerottia hoffmanni Blue-vented Hummingbird.

• Saucerottia beryllina Berylline Hummingbird.

• Saucerottia cyanura Blue-tailed Hummingbird.

• Saucerottia edward Snowy-bellied Hummingbird.

• Chrysuronia coeruleogularis Sapphire-throated Hummingbird.

• Chrysuronia humboldtii Humboldt’s Sapphire.

• Polyerata amabilis Blue-chested Hummingbird.

• Polyerata decora Charming Hummingbird.

• Chlorestes candida White-bellied Emerald.

• Chlorestes eliciae Blue-throated Goldentail.

• Chlorestes julie Violet-bellied Hummingbird.

• Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard. (A)

• Gymnasio nudipes Puerto Rican Owl.

• Brotogeris chiriri Yellow-chevroned Parakeet. (I)

• Epinecrophylla fulviventris Checker-throated Stipplethroat.

• Poliocrania exsul Chestnut-backed Antbird.

• Sipia laemosticta Dull-mantled Antbird.

• Formicarius moniliger Mayan Antthrush.

• Dendroma rufa Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner.

• Pseudopipra pipra White-crowned Manakin.

• Zimmerius vilissimus Guatemalan Tyrannulet.

• Zimmerius parvus Mistletoe Tyrannulet.

• Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike. (A)

• Cyanolyca nanus Dwarf Jay.

• Zosterops japonicus Warbling White-eye. (H, I)

• Helopsaltes ochotensis Middendorff’s Grasshopper- Warbler. (A)

• Turdus eunomus Dusky Thrush. (A)

• Loriotus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager.

Delete the following names:

• Sarkidiornis melanotos Comb Duck.

• Phasianinae

• Tetraoninae

• Meleagridinae

• Atthis heloisa Bumblebee Hummingbird.

• Atthis ellioti Wine-throated Hummingbird.

• Chlorostilbon auriceps Golden-crowned Emerald.

• Chlorostilbon forficatus Cozumel Emerald.

• Chlorostilbon canivetii Canivet’s Emerald.

• Chlorostilbon ricordii Cuban Emerald.

• †Chlorostilbon bracei Brace’s Emerald.

• Chlorostilbon swainsonii Hispaniolan Emerald.

• Chlorostilbon maugaeus Puerto Rican Emerald.

• Cynanthus sordidus Dusky Hummingbird.

• Cyanophaia bicolor Blue-headed Hummingbird.

• Campylopterus curvipennis Wedge-tailed Sabrewing.

• Campylopterus excellens Long-tailed Sabrewing.

• Campylopterus rufus Rufous Sabrewing.

• Elvira chionura White-tailed Emerald.

• Elvira cupreiceps Coppery-headed Emerald.

• Thalurania ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph.

• Amazilia candida White-bellied Emerald.

• Amazilia amabilis Blue-chested Hummingbird.

• Amazilia decora Charming Hummingbird.

• Amazilia cyanocephala Azure-crowned Hummingbird.

• Amazilia beryllina Berylline Hummingbird.

• Amazilia cyanura Blue-tailed Hummingbird.

• Amazilia hoffmanni Blue-vented Hummingbird.

• Amazilia edward Snowy-bellied Hummingbird.

• Amazilia violiceps Violet-crowned Hummingbird.

• Amazilia viridifrons Green-fronted Hummingbird.

• Goethalsia bella Pirre Hummingbird.

• Lepidopyga coeruleogularis Sapphire-throated Hummingbird.

• Juliamyia julie Violet-bellied Hummingbird.

• Hylocharis humboldtii Humboldt’s Sapphire.

• Hylocharis eliciae Blue-throated Goldentail.

• Hylocharis leucotis White-eared Hummingbird.

• Hylocharis xantusii Xantus’s Hummingbird.

• Megascops nudipes Puerto Rican Screech-Owl.

• Epinecrophylla fulviventris Checker-throated Antwren.

• Myrmeciza exsul Chestnut-backed Antbird.

• Myrmeciza laemosticta Dull-mantled Antbird.

• Philydor rufum Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner.

• Dixiphia pipra White-crowned Manakin.

• Zimmerius vilissimus Paltry Tyrannulet.

• Cyanolyca nana Dwarf Jay.

• Corvus caurinus Northwestern Crow.

• Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye. (H, I)

• Locustella ochotensis Middendorff’s Grasshopper-Warbler. (A)

• Turdus naumanni Dusky Thrush. (A)

• Uraeginthus bengalus Red-cheeked Cordonbleu. (H, I)

• Tachyphonus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager.

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genus Dendrortyx:

• Dendrortyx leucophrys

• Dendrortyx macroura

• Dendrortyx barbatus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the family Phasianidae:

• Meleagris gallopavo

• Meleagris ocellata

• Bonasa umbellus

• Falcipennis canadensis

• Lagopus lagopus

• Lagopus muta

• Lagopus leucura

• Centrocercus urophasianus

• Centrocercus minimus

• Dendragapus obscurus

• Dendragapus fuliginosus

• Tympanuchus phasianellus

• Tympanuchus cupido

• Tympanuchus pallidicinctus

• Perdix perdix

• Phasianus colchicus

• Lophura leucomelanos

• Pavo cristatus

• Francolinus pondicerianus

• Francolinus francolinus

• Gallus gallus

• Tetraogallus himalayensis

• Alectoris chukar

• Coturnix japonica

• Pternistis erckelii

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genus Selasphorus:

• Selasphorus calliope

• Selasphorus rufus

• Selasphorus sasin

• Selasphorus platycercus

• Selasphorus heloisa

• Selasphorus ellioti

• Selasphorus flammula

• Selasphorus scintilla

• Selasphorus ardens

Adopt the following linear sequence for species currently listed from Chlorostilbon auriceps through Hylocharis xantusii in the Trochilinae, adding asterisks before 2 species to indicate their uncertain generic placement:

• Phaeoptila sordida

• Riccordia ricordii

• †Riccordia bracei

• Riccordia swainsonii

• Riccordia maugaeus

• Riccordia bicolor

• Cynanthus latirostris

• Cynanthus auriceps

• Cynanthus forficatus

• Cynanthus canivetii

• Chlorostilbon assimilis

• Basilinna leucotis

• Basilinna xantusii

• Pampa curvipennis

• Pampa excellens

• Pampa rufa

• Abeillia abeillei

• Klais guimeti

• Orthorhyncus cristatus

• Campylopterus hemileucurus

• Chalybura urochrysia

• Chalybura buffonii

• Thalurania colombica

• Microchera albocoronata

• Microchera cupreiceps

• Microchera chionura

• Goldmania violiceps

• Goldmania bella

• Eupherusa ridgwayi

• Eupherusa poliocerca

• Eupherusa cyanophrys

• Eupherusa eximia

• Eupherusa nigriventris

• Phaeochroa cuvierii

• Trochilus polytmus

• Leucolia violiceps

• Leucolia viridifrons

• Saucerottia cyanocephala

• Saucerottia hoffmanni

• Saucerottia beryllina

• Saucerottia cyanura

• Saucerottia edward

• Amazilia rutila

• Amazilia yucatanensis

• Amazilia tzacatl

• *Amazilia luciae

• *Amazilia boucardi

• Chrysuronia coeruleogularis

• Chrysuronia humboldtii

• Polyerata amabilis

• Polyerata decora

• Chlorestes candida

• Chlorestes eliciae

• Chlorestes julie

Adopt the following linear sequence for genera in the family Rallidae:

• Neocrex

• Cyanolimnas

• Pardirallus

• Amaurolimnas

• Aramides

• Rallus

• Crex

• Porzana

• Gallinula

• Fulica

• Porphyrio

• Micropygia

• Coturnicops

• Hapalocrex

• Laterallus

• Zapornia

Adopt the following linear sequence for families in the order Suliformes:

• FREGATIDAE

• SULIDAE

• ANHINGIDAE

• PHALACROCORACIDAE

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the family Phalacrocoracidae:

• Phalacrocorax penicillatus

• Phalacrocorax urile

• Phalacrocorax pelagicus

• Phalacrocorax carbo

• Phalacrocorax auritus

• Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the family Cathartidae:

• Gymnogyps californianus

• Sarcoramphus papa

• Coragyps atratus

• Cathartes aura

• Cathartes burrovianus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genera Psiloscops, Gymnasio, and Megascops:

• Psiloscops flammeolus

• Gymnasio nudipes

• Megascops trichopsis

• Megascops clarkii

• Megascops choliba

• Megascops barbarus

• Megascops cooperi

• Megascops kennicottii

• Megascops asio

• Megascops seductus

• Megascops guatemalae

• Megascops centralis

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genus Chloroceryle:

• Chloroceryle amazona

• Chloroceryle aenea

• Chloroceryle americana

• Chloroceryle inda

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genus Ara:

• Ara ararauna

• Ara severus

• Ara tricolor

• Ara macao

• Ara chloropterus

• Ara militaris

• Ara ambiguus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genus Forpus:

• Forpus cyanopygius

• Forpus passerinus

• Forpus conspicillatus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species currently or formerly in Myrmeciza, and insert an asterisk to indicate the uncertain generic placement of Myrmeciza zeledoni:

• Myrmeciza longipes

• *Myrmeciza zeledoni

• Poliocrania exsul

• Sipia laemosticta

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the genus Progne:

• Progne tapera

• Progne subis

• Progne elegans

• Progne chalybea

• Progne sinaloae

• Progne cryptoleuca

• Progne dominicensis

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the family Locustellidae:

• Helopsaltes ochotensis

• Locustella lanceolata

• Locustella fluviatilis

Note: The entries below follow the current linear sequence as established in this and previous supplements, although entries continue to be cross-referenced to page numbers in AOU (1998).

1. [p. 58] A record of Anser anser in the United States is recognized. Change the last paragraph of the distributional statement to the following:

Accidental in Greenland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. Accidental in Connecticut (Wallingford, New Haven County, 22 February–8 March 2009; photos; Kaplan and Hanisek 2012).

2. [p. 58] Sarkidiornis sylvicola is treated as a species separate from extralimital species S. melanotos. Remove the species account for S. melanotos and replace it with the following new account:

Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering. Comb Duck.

Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering, 1907, in Museu Paulista, São Paulo, Catálogo Fauna Brasileira 1: 72. (Iguapé, São Paulo, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.) New name for Anas carunculata Lichtenstein, 1819, preoccupied by Anas carunculata Vieillot, 1816, Nouvelle Dictionnaire Histoire Naturelle, nouv. éd., vol. 5, p. 109.

Habitat.—Freshwater Lakes and Ponds, Freshwater Marshes (0–1200 m; Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.—Resident locally in tropical America from eastern Panama (Río Chucunaque in eastern Darién, casually west to La Jagua, eastern Panamá province), south through northern South America to northwestern Peru, southeastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay (generally absent from Amazonia).

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with S. melanotos (Pennant, 1769) [Knob-billed Duck], but separated based on differences in plumage and because the original lump of these species (by Delacour and Mayr 1945) was based on hybridization in captivity.

3. [p. 68] Anas diazi is treated as a species separate from A. platyrhynchos. Change the species account for A. platyrhynchos as follows: delete mention of the diazi group from the habitat and distributional statements and change the Notes to: “The Anas platyrhynchos complex includes 14 closely related species; A. platyrhynchos appears to be most closely related to the New World radiation, which includes A. diazi, A. fulvigula, A. rubripes, A. wyvilliana, and A. laysanensis, and to A. poecilorhyncha J. R. Forster 1781 [Indian Spot-billed Duck] and A. zonorhyncha Swinhoe, 1866 [Eastern Spot-billed Duck] in the Old World (Lavretsky et al. 2014a). In various older treatments, some or even all New World taxa were treated as conspecific under the name A. platyrhynchos (e.g., Johnsgard 1961, 1967). Anas rubripes and A. fulvigula hybridize frequently with A. platyrhynchos in an area of broad overlap, largely as a result of introductions and range expansions of the latter into the range of A. rubripes and A. fulvigula. These 3 forms differ somewhat behaviorally and tend to segregate as species (Brodsky and Weatherhead 1984, Brodsky et al. 1988, Hepp et al. 1988, Ford et al. 2017, Lavretsky et al. 2019b), but early genetic studies found them difficult to differentiate (Ankney et al. 1986, Ankney and Dennis 1988, Avise et al. 1990, McCracken et al. 2001, Lavretsky et al. 2014a, b). More recent genomic studies have found that they are genetically separable (Lavretsky et al. 2015, 2019a,b), with differences likely the result of selection and demographic processes (Kirby et al. 2004, Lavretsky et al. 2019b). Further, genetic evidence suggests that hybridization is not as widespread as previously believed (Ford et al. 2017), and that A. platyrhynchos and A. rubripes do not represent a hybrid swarm (Lavretsky et al. 2019b). See comments under A. diazi.”

Insert the following new species account after the account for A. platyrhynchos:

Anas diazi Ridgway. Mexican Duck.

Anas diazi Ridgway, 1886, Auk 3: 332. (San Ysidro, Puebla, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Freshwater Marshes (0–2500 m).

Distribution.—Breeds from southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and west-central Texas south in the highlands of Mexico to Jalisco, Michoacán, México, Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, and Puebla.

Winters in the breeding range and east to southern Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, and eastern Tamaulipas.

Nonbreeding birds occur casually throughout the year north through much of Colorado and in Utah north to Great Salt Lake, west to the Lower Colorado River Valley, and east to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Accidental west to San Luis Obispo County, California, north to Albany County, Wyoming, and east to southwestern Nebraska. Difficulties distinguishing this species from A. fulvigula may be decreasing detection east of its usual range.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with A. platyrhynchos, although prior to this (until AOU 1973) the 2 were treated as separate species. Newly separated based on assortative mating in the narrow contact zone between these species (Bellrose 1976, Hubbard 1977, Brown 1985) and genomic data that indicate restricted gene flow between them (Lavretsky et al. 2015, 2019a).

4. [p. 123] Records of Numida meleagris in the United States are recognized as belonging to populations that were never established (Pratt et al. 1987; contraWalker 1967, Berger 1981, AOU 1983, 1998). Remove this species from the list of species known to occur in the United States, remove “in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1874 on Hawaii and possibly other main islands, perhaps not well established),” from the second paragraph of the distributional statement, and add the following paragraph to the end of the distributional statement:

Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1874 on Kauai; many later introductions on Kauai and other main islands), but populations failed to become established (Pyle and Pyle 2017).

5. [pp. 123–124] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Tsai et al. 2019) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the genus Dendrortyx does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Dendrortyx, insert the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Tsai et al. (2019).

Rearrange the sequence of species in Dendrortyx to:

• Dendrortyx leucophrys

• Dendrortyx macroura

• Dendrortyx barbatus

6. [pp. 114–123] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data (Crowe et al. 2006, Wang et al. 2013, Hosner et al. 2016) have shown that our current subfamily structure and linear sequence of species in the family Phasianidae do not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Delete the heading Subfamily PHASIANINAE: Partridges and Pheasants, and the headings and Notes for Subfamily TETRAONINAE: Grouse, and Subfamily MELEAGRIDINAE: Turkeys. Insert the following Notes under the heading and citation for Phasianidae:

Notes.—Formerly divided into subfamilies Phasianinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae, but analyses of genetic and morphological data (Crowe et al. 2006, Wang et al. 2013, Hosner et al. 2016) indicate that the species formerly included in Tetraoninae and Meleagridinae are embedded within the Phasianinae.

Rearrange the sequence of species in the Phasianidae to:

• Meleagris gallopavo

• Meleagris ocellata

• Bonasa umbellus

• Falcipennis canadensis

• Lagopus lagopus

• Lagopus muta

• Lagopus leucura

• Centrocercus urophasianus

• Centrocercus minimus

• Dendragapus obscurus

• Dendragapus fuliginosus

• Tympanuchus phasianellus

• Tympanuchus cupido

• Tympanuchus pallidicinctus

• Perdix perdix

• Phasianus colchicus

• Lophura leucomelanos

• Pavo cristatus

• Francolinus pondicerianus

• Francolinus francolinus

• Gallus gallus

• Tetraogallus himalayensis

• Alectoris chukar

• Coturnix japonica

• Pternistis erckelii

7. [p. 248] Records of Coccyzus melacoryphus in the United States are recognized. Delete the last sentence of the distributional statement and add the following new paragraph:

Accidental in southern Texas (brought to a rehabilitation center in Weslac, Hidalgo County, 10 February 1986; specimen, LSUMNS; Lockwood 1999, Pyle et al. 2019) and in southern Florida (Delray Beach, Palm Beach County, 6–10 February 2019; photos; Pyle et al. 2019, Kratter et al. 2020).

8. [pp. 311–312] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (McGuire et al. 2014, Licona-Vera and Ornelas 2017) have shown that Selasphorus is paraphyletic with respect to Atthis, and that our current linear sequence of species in the genus Selasphorus does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Delete the heading Genus ATTHIS Reichenbach and the Notes under this heading, move the citation for Atthis into the synonymy of Selasphorus, and change the Notes under Selasphorus to the following:

Notes.—See comments under S. heloisa. Sequence of species follows McGuire et al. (2014) and Licona-Vera and Ornelas (2017).

Change Atthis heloisa to Selasphorus heloisa and Atthis ellioti to Selasphorus ellioti, add parentheses around the authority for S. ellioti, make the appropriate change in the generic abbreviation within the existing Notes for S. ellioti, and change the Notes under S. heloisa to the following:

Notes.—Also known as Heloise’s Hummingbird. Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Atthis with sister species S. ellioti, but genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014, Licona-Vera and Ornelas 2017) indicate that Selasphorus as previously constituted was paraphyletic with respect to Atthis, as anticipated by Howell and Webb (1995).

Rearrange the sequence of species in Selasphorus to:

• Selasphorus calliope

• Selasphorus rufus

• Selasphorus sasin

• Selasphorus platycercus

• Selasphorus heloisa

• Selasphorus ellioti

• Selasphorus flammula

• Selasphorus scintilla

• Selasphorus ardens

9. [pp. 289–303] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (McGuire et al. 2014, Hernández-Baños et al. 2020) have shown that the generic limits and linear sequence of species in a portion of the subfamily Trochilinae (genera from Chlorostilbon through Hylocharis) do not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. We adopt a new classification based on their conclusions, which results in the following changes:

Rearrange the sequence of genera and species currently listed from Chlorostilbon auriceps through Hylocharis xantusii as follows, in keeping with the genus transfers detailed below and adding parentheses to the author names for Cynanthus forficatus, Pampa rufa, Eupherusa ridgwayi, and Saucerottia cyanura, and removing parentheses from the author names for Pampa excellens and Polyerata decora:

• Genus Phaeoptila Gould

• Phaeoptila sordida Gould

• Genus Riccordia Reichenbach

• Riccordia ricordii (Gervais)

• Riccordia bracei (Lawrence)

• Riccordia swainsonii (Lesson)

• Riccordia maugaeus (Audebert and Vieillot)

• Riccordia bicolor (Gmelin)

• Genus Cynanthus Swainson

• Cynanthus latirostris Swainson

• Cynanthus auriceps (Gould)

• Cynanthus forficatus (Ridgway)

• Cynanthus canivetii (Lesson)

• Genus Chlorostilbon Gould

• Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence

• Genus Basilinna Boie

• Basilinna leucotis (Vieillot)

• Basilinna xantusii (Lawrence)

• Genus Pampa Reichenbach

• Pampa curvipennis (Deppe)

• Pampa excellens Wetmore

• Pampa rufa (Lesson)

• Genus Abeillia Bonaparte

• Abeillia abeillei (DeLattre and Lesson)

• Genus Klais Reichenbach

• Klais guimeti (Bourcier)

• Genus Orthorhyncus Lacépède

• Orthorhyncus cristatus (Linnaeus)

• Genus Campylopterus Swainson

• Campylopterus hemileucurus (Deppe)

• Genus Chalybura Reichenbach

• Chalybura urochrysia (Gould)

• Chalybura buffonii (Lesson)

• Genus Thalurania Gould

• Thalurania colombica (Bourcier)

• Genus Microchera Gould

• Microchera albocoronata (Lawrence)

• Microchera cupreiceps (Lawrence)

• Microchera chionura (Gould)

• Genus Goldmania Nelson

• Goldmania violiceps Nelson

• Goldmania bella (Nelson)

• Genus Eupherusa Gould

• Eupherusa ridgwayi (Nelson)

• Eupherusa poliocerca Elliot

• Eupherusa cyanophrys Rowley and Orr

• Eupherusa eximia (DeLattre)

• Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence

• Genus Phaeochroa Gould

• Phaeochroa cuvierii (DeLattre and Bourcier)

• Genus Trochilus Linnaeus

• Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus

• Genus Leucolia Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux

• Leucolia violiceps (Gould)

• Leucolia viridifrons (Elliot)

• Genus Saucerottia Bonaparte

• Saucerottia cyanocephala (Lesson)

• Saucerottia hoffmanni (Cabanis and Heine)

• Saucerottia beryllina (Deppe)

• Saucerottia cyanura (Gould)

• Saucerottia edward (DeLattre and Bourcier)

• Genus Amazilia Lesson

• Amazilia rutila (DeLattre)

• Amazilia yucatanensis (Cabot)

• Amazilia tzacatl (De la Llave)

• Amazilia luciae (Lawrence)

• Amazilia boucardi (Mulsant)

• Genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte

• Chrysuronia coeruleogularis (Gould)

• Chrysuronia humboldtii (Bourcier and Mulsant)

• Genus Polyerata Heine

• Polyerata amabilis (Gould)

• Polyerata decora Salvin

• Genus Chlorestes Reichenbach

• Chlorestes candida (Bourcier and Mulsant)

• Chlorestes eliciae (Bourcier and Mulsant)

• Chlorestes julie (Bourcier)

Remove the citation for Phaeoptila from the synonymy of Cynanthus, and insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Selasphorus ardens:

Genus Phaeoptila Gould

Phaeoptila Gould, 1861, A Monograph of the Trochilidae, part 5, text to plate 340. Type, by original designation, Cyanomyia sordida Gould.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Cynanthus, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Phaeoptila based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change Cynanthus sordidus to Phaeoptila sordida, move the account for this species to follow the heading and citation for Phaeoptila, and insert the following Notes at the end of the species account:

Notes.—See comments under Phaeoptila.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Phaeoptila sordida:

Genus RICCORDIA Reichenbach

Chlorestes δ Riccordia Reichenbach, 1854, Journal für Ornithologie 1 (Beiliegend zu Extraheft): 8. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Riccordia ramondii Reichenbach = Ornismya ricordii Gervais.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Chlorostilbon, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Riccordia based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change the generic names of Chlorostilbon ricordii, C. bracei, C. swainsonii, C. maugaeus, and Cyanophaia bicolor to Riccordia; delete the genus heading for Cyanophaia; move the citation for Cyanophaia into the synonymy of Riccordia; make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes; and place the accounts for these species under the heading and citation for Riccordia.

Insert the following Notes under the heading Genus CHLOROSTILBON Gould:

Notes.—See comments under Riccordia and Cynanthus.

Transfer Chlorostilbon auriceps,Chlorostilbon forficatus, and Chlorostilbon canivetii to the genus Cynanthus, make the appropriate changes to generic names within the existing Notes, and replace the last two sentences of the existing Notes for C. canivetti with the following: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1998), along with C. auriceps and C. forficatus, placed in Chlorostilbon, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of these species to Cynanthus based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Remove the citation for Basilinna from the synonymy of Hylocharis, and insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Chlorostilbon assimilis:

Genus Basilinna Boie

Basilinna Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken 1831: col. 546. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus leucotis Vieillot.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Hylocharis, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Basilinna based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014), as anticipated by Howell and Webb (1995).

Change Hylocharis leucotis to Basilinna leucotis and Hylocharis xantusii to Basilinna xantusii, move the accounts for these species to follow the heading and citation for Basilinna, and replace the existing Notes for both species with the following:

Notes.—See comments under Basilinna.

Remove the citation for Pampa from the synonymy of Campylopterus, and insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Basilinna xantusii:

Genus Pampa Reichenbach

Pampa Reichenbach, 1854, Journal für Ornithologie 1 (Beiliegend zu Extraheft): 11. Type, by monotypy, P. campyloptera Reichenbach = Ornismya pampa Lesson = Trochilus curvipennis Deppe.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Campylopterus, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Pampa based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change Campylopterus curvipennis to Pampa curvipennis, Campylopterus excellens to Pampa excellens, and Campylopterus rufus to Pampa rufa; place the accounts for these species under the heading and citation for Pampa; make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes; and either insert the following Notes (for P. rufa) or add the following sentence to the end of the existing Notes (for P. curvipennis and P. excellens): See comments under Pampa.

Insert the following Notes under the heading GenusCAMPYLOPTERUS Swainson:

Notes.—See comments under Pampa.

Transfer Elvira chionura and E. cupreiceps to the genus Microchera, delete the genus heading for Elvira, move the citation for Elvira into the synonymy of Microchera, and insert the following Notes at the end of the species accounts for M. chionura and M. cupreiceps:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Elvira, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of these species to Microchera based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Transfer Goethalsia bella to the genus Goldmania, delete the genus heading for Goethalsia, move the citation for Goethalsia into the synonymy of Goldmania, and insert the following sentence at the beginning of the existing Notes for G. bella: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Goethalsia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of this species to Goldmania based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Transfer Thalurania ridgwayi to the genus Eupherusa, and insert the following sentence at the end of the existing Notes for this species: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1998) placed in Thalurania, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of this species to Eupherusa based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Trochilus polytmus:

Genus Leucolia Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux

Leucolia Mulsant, and J. and E. Verreaux, 1866, Mémoires Société Impériale Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 12: 174. Type, by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1897; Stiles et al., 2017), Cyanomyia viridifrons Elliot.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Amazilia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Leucolia based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change Amazilia violiceps to Leucolia violiceps and Amazilia viridifrons to Leucolia viridifrons, move the accounts for these species to follow the heading and citation for Leucolia, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and insert the following at the end of the existing Notes for each species: See comments under Leucolia.

Remove the citation for Saucerottia from the synonymy of Amazilia, and insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Leucolia viridifrons:

Genus Saucerottia Bonaparte

Saucerottia Bonaparte, 1850, Conspectus Generum Avium 1(1): 77. Type, by original designation, Saucerottia typica Bonaparte = Trochilus saucerrottei [sic] DeLattre and Bourcier.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Amazilia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Saucerottia based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change the generic names of Amazilia cyanocephala, A. hoffmanni, A. beryllina, A. cyanura, and A. edward to Saucerottia; place the accounts for these species under the heading and citation for Saucerottia; make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes; and insert the following at the end of the existing Notes for each species: See comments under Saucerottia.

Insert the following Notes under the heading Genus AMAZILIA Lesson:

Notes.—See comments under Leucolia, Saucerottia, and Polyerata.

Insert the following at the end of the species account for Amazilia luciae:

Notes.—This species and A. boucardi are almost certainly unrelated to true Amazilia, but were not included in McGuire et al. (2014) and are of uncertain generic placement. These species are retained in Amazilia until they can be placed confidently based on new data.

Insert the following at the end of the existing Notes for Amazilia boucardi: See comments under Amazilia luciae.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Amazilia boucardi:

Genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte

Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, Conspectus Generum Avium 1: 75. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Ornismya oenone Lesson.

Notes.—Formerly considered an extralimital monotypic genus, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of Lepidopyga coeruleogularis and Hylocharis humboldtii to Chrysuronia based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Delete the genus heading for Lepidopyga and move the citation for Lepidopyga into the synonymy of Chrysuronia. Change Lepidopyga coeruleogularis to Chrysuronia coeruleogularis and Hylocharis humboldtii to Chrysuronia humboldtii, place the accounts for these species under the heading and citation for Chrysuronia, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and either insert the following Notes (for C. coeruleogularis) or add the following sentence to the end of the existing Notes (for C. humboldtii): See comments under Chrysuronia.

Remove the citation for Polyerata from the synonymy of Amazilia, and insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Chrysuronia humboldtii:

Genus Polyerata Heine

Polyerata Heine, 1863, Journal für Ornithologie 11: 194. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus amabilis Gould.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) included in Amazilia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of Polyerata based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change Amazilia amabilis to Polyerata amabilis and Amazilia decora to Polyerata decora, move the accounts for these species to follow the heading and citation for Polyerata, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and insert the following at the end of the existing Notes: See comments under Polyerata.

Delete the genus heading and citation for Hylocharis and the genus heading for Juliamyia; move the citations for Damophila, Juliamyia, and Neodamophila into the synonymy of Chlorestes; and insert the following heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Polyerata decora:

Genus Chlorestes Reichenbach

Chlorestes Reichenbach, 1854, Journal für Ornithologie 1 (Beiliegend zu Extraheft): 7. Type, by subsequent designation (Salvin, 1892), Trochilus notatus Reich.

Notes.—Formerly considered an extralimital monotypic genus, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of Amazilia candida, Hylocharis eliciae, and Juliamyia julie to Chlorestes based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Change Amazilia candida to Chlorestes candida, Hylocharis eliciae to Chlorestes eliciae, and Juliamyia julie to Chlorestes julie; move the accounts for these species to follow the heading and citation for Chlorestes; and insert the following at the end of the species accounts for C. candida and C. eliciae:

Notes.—See comments under Chlorestes.

Change the Notes under Chlorestes julie to:

Notes.—Previously (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Damophila Reichenbach, 1854, but this name is preoccupied by Damophila Curtis, 1832, a genus of Lepidoptera (Özdikmen 2008). Later (Chesser et al. 2017) transferred to Juliamyia Bonaparte, 1854, but genetic evidence indicates that it should be placed in Chlorestes (McGuire et al. 2014). See comments under Chlorestes.

10. [129–138] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Garcia-R et al. 2014, 2020) have shown that the current linear sequence of genera in the Rallidae does not reflect their evolutionary relationships.

After the heading Family RALLIDAE: Rails, Gallinules, and Coots, replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of genera follows Garcia-R et al. (2014, 2020).

Rearrange the sequence of genera in the Rallidae to:

• Neocrex

• Cyanolimnas

• Pardirallus

• Amaurolimnas

• Aramides

• Rallus

• Crex

• Porzana

• Gallinula

• Fulica

• Porphyrio

• Micropygia

• Coturnicops

• Hapalocrex

• Laterallus

• Zapornia

11. [p. 149] A record of Haematopus ostralegus in the United States is recognized. Substitute the following 2 paragraphs for the current final paragraph of the distributional statement:

Casual in Newfoundland (Fox Island near Tors Cove, Avalon Peninsula, 24–25 May 1994; photos; Mactavish 1994; Lushes Bight, Long Island, 15–23 May 2019; photos; e.g., https://ebird.org/checklist/S56448089; Eilliton, 5–9 April 2020; photos; e.g., https://ebird.org/checklist/S66745673). Sight report from Eastport.

Accidental in Alaska (Buldir Island, western Aleutians, 26 May–13 June 2012; photos; Gibson et al. 2013).

12. [p. 143] Records of Pluvialis apricaria in the United States are recognized. Change the final paragraph of the distributional statement to:

Casual in eastern North America in Labrador and Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Jersey, and Delaware; and in Alaska (Ketchikan Airport, Ketchikan, 13–14 January 2001; specimen, UAM; Piston and Heinl 2001; St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, 24 January 2015; photos; https://ebird.org/checklist/S24051721; Barrow, 19 June 2017; photos; https://ebird.org/checklist/S37915248).

13. [pp. 197–198] Thalasseus albididorsalis is considered a species separate from T. maximus, resulting in the following changes to the species account for T. maximus:

In the breeding paragraph of the distributional statement change “in South America on the coast of northern Argentina; and in West Africa (islands off Mauritania).” to “and in South America on the coast of northern Argentina.” Change the wintering paragraph of the distributional statement to “Winters from central California, the Gulf coast and North Carolina south along both coasts of the Americas to Peru, Uruguay, and Argentina.” In the final paragraph of the distributional statement, change “also in the British Isles, Norway, Spain, Gibraltar, and Mozambique; a sight report from interior Mexico (Distrito Federal).” to “also in the British Isles, France, and Spain; a sight report from interior Mexico (Distrito Federal). Many European records of this species, including one from Norway, were identified as Thalasseus maximus sensu lato and their current species identification is unclear; however, most records from Gibraltar and Spain are believed to be of T. albididorsalis (Dufour and Crochet 2020).”

Replace the existing Notes with the following: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with T. albididorsalis (Hartert, 1921) [West African Crested Tern], but separated based on genetic data that indicate that T. albididorsalis is sister to T. bengalensis (Lesson, 1831) [Lesser Crested Tern] (Collinson et al. 2017), and differences in vocalizations and morphology (summarized in Dufour and Crochet 2020).

14. [p. 16] Records of Pseudobulweria rostrata in the United States are recognized. Replace the last paragraph of the distributional statement with the following 2 paragraphs:

Rare in the eastern Pacific Ocean off Panama (southeast to the Azuero Peninsula), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and western Mexico (north to the southern Gulf of California off Baja California Sur and Sinaloa).

Accidental off Hawaii (2 km west of Nā-wiliwili Harbor, Kauai; photos and measurements of bird in hand; VanderWerf et al. 2018) and off North Carolina (Hatteras, 29 May 2018; photos; https://ebird.org/checklist/S46146022).

15. [pp. 28–36] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (e.g., Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008, Prum et al. 2015) have shown that the current linear sequence of families in the Suliformes does not reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Insert the following at the end of the existing Notes under Order SULIFORMES: Frigatebirds, Boobies, Cormorants, Darters, and Allies: Linear sequence of families follows Ericson et al. (2006), Hackett et al. (2008), and Prum et al. (2015).

Rearrange the sequence of families in the Suliformes to:

• FREGATIDAE

• SULIDAE

• ANHINGIDAE

• PHALACROCORACIDAE

16. [pp. 32–34] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Kennedy and Spencer 2014) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the family Phalacrocoracidae does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading Family PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants, replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Kennedy and Spencer (2014).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the family Phalacrocoracidae to:

• Phalacrocorax penicillatus

• Phalacrocorax urile

• Phalacrocorax pelagicus

• Phalacrocorax carbo

• Phalacrocorax auritus

• Phalacrocorax brasilianus

17. [pp. 51–53] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Johnson et al. 2016) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the family Cathartidae does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Insert the following Notes after the heading Family CATHARTIDAE: New World Vultures:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Johnson et al. (2016).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the family Cathartidae to:

• Gymnogyps californianus

• Sarcoramphus papa

• Coragyps atratus

• Cathartes aura

• Cathartes burrovianus

18. [p. 102] After the species account for Buteo regalis, insert the following new species account:

Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar). Long-legged Buzzard.

Falco rufinus Cretzschmar, 1827, in Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördlichen Afrika, Vögel (1826), p. 40, pl. 27. (Upper Nubia, Shendi, Sennar, and Ethiopia.)

Habitat.—Primarily open, arid, semi-desert, uncultivated country with gorges and crags for nesting; also locally in woodlands. In winter open areas, including grasslands.

Distribution.—Breeds from Hungary, southern Ukraine, and Kazakhstan to northwestern China and northwestern Mongolia and south to the Balkans, Cyprus, Turkey, Sinai, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, south-central Iran, western Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir.

Winters in southern part of breeding range and south in Nile Valley to Sudan, throughout Pakistan, northwestern India, and southern Tibet; rarely to Bhutan, central India, and Bangladesh.

Resident in northwestern Africa east to northwestern Libya and south to Mauritania.

Casual or accidental to North Sea coast, Finland, Nigeria, Senegal, Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Malaysia. Unverified reports from the Andaman Islands.

Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, 15 November 2018–7 April 2019; photos; Pyle et al. 2019).

19. [p. 254–257] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Dantas et al. 2016, Salter et al. 2020) have shown that Megascops is paraphyletic with respect to Psiloscops, and that our current linear sequence of species in these genera does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Remove the citation for Gymnasio from the synonymy of Megascops, and insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Psiloscops flammeolus:

Genus Gymnasio Bonaparte

Gymnasio Bonaparte, 1854, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (2)6: 543. Type, by monotypy [Strix] nudipes Daudin.

Notes.—See comments under Gymnasio nudipes and Megascops.

Change Megascops nudipes to Gymnasio nudipes, move the species account to follow the heading and citation for Gymnasio, change the English name to Puerto Rican Owl, and change the Notes under G. nudipes to the following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., Banks et al. 2003) placed in Megascops, but genetic data (Dantas et al. 2016, Salter et al. 2020) indicate that Megascops as previously constituted was paraphyletic and that Gymnasio nudipes is not part of Megascops sensu stricto. This species was also previously placed in Otus (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998). Also known as Puerto Rican Screech-Owl and Puerto Rican Bare-legged Owl. See comments under Megascops.

Insert the following sentence at the end of the existing Notes for Megascops: Linear sequence of species in Psiloscops, Gymnasio, and Megascops follows Dantas et al. (2016).

Replace the existing Notes under Genus PSILOSCOPS Coues with the following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) merged with Otus but now treated as separate based on genetic data that show it, along with Gymnasio, to be sister to Megascops (Proudfoot et al. 2007, Wink et al. 2009, Dantas et al. 2016). See comments under Megascops.

Rearrange the sequence of species in Psiloscops, Gymnasio, and Megascops to:

• Psiloscops flammeolus

• Gymnasio nudipes

• Megascops trichopsis

• Megascops clarkii

• Megascops choliba

• Megascops barbarus

• Megascops cooperi

• Megascops kennicottii

• Megascops asio

• Megascops seductus

• Megascops guatemalae

• Megascops centralis

20. [pp. 323–324] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Moyle 2006) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the genus Chloroceryle does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Chloroceryle, insert the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Moyle (2006).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Chloroceryle to:

• Chloroceryle amazona

• Chloroceryle aenea

• Chloroceryle americana

• Chloroceryle inda

21. [pp. 236–238] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Johansson et al. 2018) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the genus Ara does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Ara, insert the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Johansson et al. (2018).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Ara to:

• Ara ararauna

• Ara severus

• Ara tricolor

• Ara macao

• Ara chloropterus

• Ara militaris

• Ara ambiguus

22. [p. 239] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Smith et al. 2013) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the genus Forpus does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Forpus, insert the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Smith et al. (2013).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Forpus to:

• Forpus cyanopygius

• Forpus passerinus

• Forpus conspicillatus

23. [p. 240] After the species account for Brotogeris versicolurus, insert the following new species account:

Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot). Yellow-chevroned Parakeet.

Psittacus chiriri Vieillot, 1817 (1818), Nouveau Dictionnaire Histoire Naturelle 25: 359. (Paraguay, ex Azara, no. 283.)

Habitat.—Urban and suburban residential areas and parks with diverse exotic tree plantings (palms, Ceiba, etc.); in South America, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0–1550 m; Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.—Resident in South America from northern Bolivia and southern Amazonian Brazil south to Paraguay and northern Argentina.

Introduced and established in California (mainly urban coastal slope of Los Angeles County and adjacent western Orange County); introduced populations also present in Miami metropolitan region of Florida, and in the vicinity of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with B. versicolurus (the combined species known as Canary-winged Parakeet), which it has largely replaced in southern California; both species occur in southern Florida, although chiriri is increasingly predominant.

Replace the existing Notes for Brotogeris versicolurus with the following:

Notes.—See comments under Brotogeris chiriri.

24. [p. 364] Change the English name for Epinecrophylla fulviventris to Checker-throated Stipplethroat, following Remsen et al. (2020). Insert the following statement at the beginning of the Notes for this species: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) known as Checker-throated Antwren.

25. [pp. 367–368] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Bravo 2012) have shown that Myrmeciza as currently constituted is polyphyletic. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Myrmeciza, insert the following:

Notes.—See comments under Poliocrania, Sipia, and Myrmeciza zeledoni.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Myrmeciza longipes:

Genus Poliocrania Bravo, Isler, and Brumfield

Poliocrania Bravo, Isler, and Brumfield, 2013, Zootaxa 3717: 488. Type, by original designation, Myrmeciza exsul Sclater.

Notes.—The sole species in this genus, Poliocrania exsul, was formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Myrmeciza, but genetic data (Bravo 2012) indicate that Myrmeciza as previously constituted was polyphyletic and that P. exsul is not sister to Myrmeciza sensu stricto. Separate generic status (Isler et al. 2013) is supported by differences in morphology and behavior from its sister genera AmpelornisIsler et al., 2013, and Sipia.

Change Myrmeciza exsul to Poliocrania exsul, add parentheses around the author name in the heading for this species, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, move the account for this species to follow the heading and citation for Poliocrania, and add the following sentence to the end of the existing Notes: See comments under Poliocrania.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Poliocrania exsul:

Genus Sipia Hellmayr

Sipia Hellmayr, 1924, Field Museum of Natural History Publications, Zoological Series 13, Vol. 3, p. 224. Type, by original designation, Pyriglena berlepschi Hartert.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) synonymized with Myrmeciza, but genetic data (Bravo 2012) indicate that Myrmeciza as previously constituted was polyphyletic and that species placed in Sipia are not Myrmeciza sensu stricto. Separate generic status (Isler et al. 2013) is supported by differences in morphology and behavior from its sister genus AmpelornisIsler et al., 2013.

Change Myrmeciza laemosticta to Sipia laemosticta, add parentheses around the author name in the heading for this species, move the account for this species to follow the heading and citation for Sipia, and add the following sentence to the end of the existing Notes: See comments under Sipia.

Move the species account for Myrmeciza zeledoni to follow the account for M. longipes, and insert the following at the end of the species account for M. zeledoni. This species is not related to true Myrmeciza and is generally now placed in Hafferia (e.g., Remsen et al. 2020), but this generic allocation is being reconsidered by the AOS South American Classification Committee. This species is retained in Myrmeciza pending their decision.

26. [p. 370] Formicarius moniliger is treated as a species separate from F. analis. Change the species account for F. analis as follows: delete mention of the moniliger group from the distributional statement and change the existing Notes to:

Notes.—Groups: F. hoffmanni (Cabanis, 1861) [Hoffmann’s Antthrush] and F. analis [Black-faced Antthrush]. These groups show differences in plumage and song but the distributional breaks in these characters are not concordant (Howell 1994). See comments under F. moniliger.

Insert the following new species account before the account for F. analis:

Formicarius moniliger Sclater. Mayan Antthrush.

Formicarius moniliger Sclater, 1856 (1857), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 24: 294. (Córdova, Veracruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, River-edge Forest (0–1850 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.—Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and Yucatan Peninsula south to northern Honduras.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with F. analis, but separated based on differences in song, plumage, and genetics (Howell 1994, Miller 2008, Patten 2015).

27. [p. 352] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Derryberry et al. 2011) have shown that the genus Philydor is polyphyletic. These findings result in the following changes:

Replace the existing Notes under Genus PHILYDOR Spix with: See comments under Dendroma.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Philydor fuscipenne:

Genus DENDROMA Swainson

Dendroma Swainson, 1837, Natural History and Classification of Birds 2: 316. Type, by monotypy, D. caniceps Swainson = Dendrocopus rufus Vieillot.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) synonymized with Philydor, but genetic data (Derryberry et al. 2011) indicate that Philydor as previously constituted was polyphyletic and that Dendroma rufa is not closely related to Philydor sensu stricto.

Change Philydor rufum to Dendroma rufa, move the account for this species to follow the heading, citation, and Notes for Dendroma, and add the following Notes to the end of the species account:

Notes.—See comments under Dendroma.

28. [p. 425] The genus name Dixiphia has been determined to be a junior synonym of Arundinicola and therefore not available for the species currently listed as Dixiphia pipra (Kirwan et al. 2016). This finding results in the following changes:

Delete the heading and citation for Dixiphia, and replace the existing Notes under the genus Ceratopipra with the Notes currently under Dixiphia.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the species account for Manacus vitellinus:

Genus Pseudopipra Kirwan et al.

PseudopipraKirwan, David, Gregory, Jobling, Steinheimer and Brito, 2016, Zootaxa 4121: 93. Type, by original designation, Parus pipra, Linnaeus.

Notes.—The sole species in this genus, Pseudopipra pipra, was formerly (e.g., Chesser et al. 2013) placed in Dixiphia, but Dixiphia is a junior synonym of Arundinicola and is therefore not available for this species (Kirwan et al. 2016). This species was also previously placed in Pipra (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998). See David et al. (2017) concerning potential use of Pythis Boie, 1826. See comments under Ceratopipra.

Change Dixiphia pipra to Pseudopipra pipra, move the account for this species to follow the heading, citation, and Notes for Pseudopipra, and replace the last sentence of the Notes with the following: See comments under Pseudopipra.

Change the existing Notes under Genus CERATOPIPRA Bonaparte, and change the last sentence of the existing Notes for Ceratopipra mentalis and C. erythrocephala to: See comments under Pipra.

29. [p. 380] Zimmerius parvus and extralimital species Z. improbus and Z. petersi are treated as species separate from Z. vilissimus. In the account for Z. vilissimus, change the English name to Guatemalan Tyrannulet, and replace the existing habitat statement, distributional statement, and Notes with the following:

Habitat.—Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (500–2600 m; Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.—Resident in the highlands of eastern Chiapas, Guatemala, and central El Salvador (Sierra de Balsamo).

Notes.—Formerly placed in the genus Tyranniscus Cabanis and Heine, 1859. Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, AOU 1998) considered conspecific with Z. parvus and the extralimital species Z. improbus (Sclater and Salvin, 1871) [Spectacled Tyrannulet] and Z. petersi (Berlepsch, 1907) [Venezuelan Tyrannulet] under the English name Paltry Tyrannulet, but separated from Z. parvus based on differences in plumage, morphometrics, vocalizations, and genetics (Traylor 1982, Rheindt et al. 2013, del Hoyo et al. 2020, Fitzpatrick et al. 2020) and from improbus and petersi based on genetic data (Rheindt et al. 2013) that indicate that these species are not closely related to vilissimus. Details of the distributions of Z. vilissimus and Z. parvus at lower elevations in Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras require further study.

Insert the following new species account after the account for Z. vilissimus:

Zimmerius parvus (Lawrence). Mistletoe Tyrannulet.

Tyranniscus parvus Lawrence, 1862, Ibis 1862: 12. (Isthmus of Panama; the 2 cotypes are presumably from Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.—Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0–3000 m; Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.—Resident in the lowlands of southern Belize, eastern Guatemala (southeastern Petén, Izabal), eastern Honduras, and Nicaragua (except Pacific slope), throughout Costa Rica (except dry northwest), Panama, and northwestern Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under Z. vilissimus.

30. [p. 428] After the species account for Lanius cristatus, insert the following new species account:

Lanius collurio Linnaeus. Red-backed Shrike.

Lanius collurio Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae (ed. 10): 94 (in Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.—Dry country with low scattered or open growth of thick bushes, shrubs, or low trees, including steppe and scrub desert areas; in Central Asia to subalpine meadows in the Caucasus. In winter, arid savannas with preference for Acacia.

Distribution.—Breeds nearly throughout Europe (much less common in northwestern Europe) and in Asia east to central Siberia to upper basin of the River Ob and central Altai, to northwest China, and south to some Mediterranean islands (scarce), locally in mountainous areas of Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, western Turkey, and northeastern Iran to west side of Caspian Sea.

Winters from East Africa at about the equator south through South Africa.

Migrates through northern Africa from the Nile Valley (spring migration more easterly) and east through the Arabian Peninsula, in fall through Afghanistan, northwestern India, and Pakistan.

Casual to northwestern Africa, Canaries, Madeira, Azores, Faeroes, and east to Korea and Japan.

Accidental to Iceland, Madagascar, Marion Island, and Hong Kong.

Accidental in Alaska (Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, 3–22 October 2017; photos; Pyle et al. 2018, Lehman et al. 2019).

Notes.—Hybridizes regularly with L. phoenicuroides (Schalow, 1875) [Turkestan Shrike] and L. isabellinus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 [Isabelline Shrike] and rarely with Brown Shrike (Worfolk 2000). Lanius phoenicuroides and L. isabellinus were treated as subspecies of L. collurio by Vaurie (1959). A wintering bird from coastal Mendocino County, California, from 5 March–22 April 2015 was determined to be a likely L. collurio × L. phoenicuroides hybrid (Pyle et al. 2015).

Delete the last sentence of the existing Notes under Lanius cristatus.

31. [p. 445] In the original species name Cyanocorax nanus, nanus is a noun and its ending is not variable (Dickinson and Christidis 2014). Change Cyanolyca nana to Cyanolyca nanus and insert the following Notes at the end of the species account: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) known as Cyanolyca nana, but nanus is a noun and not variable (Dickinson and Christidis 2014).

32. [pp. 449–450] Corvus caurinus is recognized as representing a geographical trend, rather than a species or subspecies, and thus is treated as a junior synonym of Corvus brachyrhynchos, following Slager et al. (2020). Remove the species account for C. caurinus and replace the existing habitat statement, distributional statement, and Notes in the account for C. brachyrhynchos with the following:

Habitat.—Open forest and woodland used for nesting and roosting, increasing in urban and suburban areas; open and partly open country for foraging, including agricultural lands, urban areas, orchards, and tidal flats; coastal tidelands near coniferous woodland or forest edge in coastal Alaska and Pacific Northwest; restricted mostly to riparian woodland and adjacent areas in arid regions.

Distribution.—Breeds along the Pacific coast from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to Kodiak Island) south through western British Columbia (including Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island), and from north-central British Columbia, southwestern Northwest Territories, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, south-central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northwestern Baja California (to Ensenada), central Arizona, southern New Mexico, central and southeastern Texas (to Odessa, San Antonio, and north of Corpus Christi), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (except the Florida Keys).

Winters along the Pacific coast from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to Kodiak Island) south through western British Columbia (including Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island), and from southern Canada (British Columbia east to Newfoundland) south through the breeding range occasionally to the Florida Keys, and casually to southern Arizona.

Introduced and established on Bermuda.

Casual in southern Nunavut, northwestern Sonora, and western Chihuahua.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) treated as 2 species C. brachyrhynchos and C. caurinus Baird, 1858 [Northwestern Crow], but merged based on genomic data that indicate a lack of reproductive isolation (Slager et al. 2020), clinal variation, and a lack of consistent differences in size, ecology, and vocalizations (Rhoads 1893, Johnston 1961, Slager et al. 2020). Also known as Common Crow.

33. [pp. 454–457] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Sheldon et al. 2005, Moyle et al. 2008) have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the genus Progne does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Progne, insert the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Sheldon et al. (2005) and Moyle et al. (2008).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Progne to:

• Progne tapera

• Progne subis

• Progne elegans

• Progne chalybea

• Progne sinaloae

• Progne cryptoleuca

• Progne dominicensis

34. [p. 515] Zosterops japonicus is treated as separate from extralimital species Z. simplex. Change the English name of Z. japonicus to Warbling White-eye and change the first paragraph of the distributional statement in the account for Z. japonicus as follows: “Resident from Japan and coastal southern Korean Peninsula, south through the Ryukyu and Volcano islands, throughout the Philippines, and from central Sumatra through Java, Bali, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sundas, and the southern Moluccas.” Replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with Z. simplex Swinhoe, 1861 [Swinhoe’s White-eye] and known as Japanese White-eye, but separated based on paraphyly of mitochondrial DNA and differences in morphology and vocalizations (Lim et al. 2019, Van Balen 2020).

35. [p. 489] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Alström et al. 2018) have revealed deep divergences within the genus Locustella and shown that the linear sequence of species in this genus does not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes after the heading LOCUSTELLIDAE: Grasshopper-Warblers:

Genus Helopsaltes Alström et al.

Helopsaltes Alström, Cibois, Irestedt, Zuccon, Fjeldså, Andersen, Moyle, Pasquet, and Olsson, 2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 374. Type, by original designation, Motacilla Certhiola Pallas.

Notes.— Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) synonymized with Locustella, but genetic data (Alström et al. 2018) indicate deep genetic divergences within this genus and show that species placed in Helopsaltes are not Locustella sensu stricto.

Change Locustella ochotensis to Helopsaltes ochotensis, move the account for this species to follow the heading and citation for Helopsaltes, and replace the second sentence of the existing Notes with the following: See comments under Helopsaltes.

After the heading Family LOCUSTELLIDAE: Grasshopper-Warblers, insert the following sentence at the end of the existing Notes: Linear sequence of species follows Alström et al. (2018).

After the heading and citation for Locustella, insert the following:

Notes.—See comments under Helopsaltes.

Rearrange the sequence of species in the family Locustellidae to:

• Helopsaltes ochotensis

• Locustella lanceolata

• Locustella fluviatilis

36.[p. 507] Turdus eunomus is treated as a species separate from extralimital species T. naumanni. Remove the species account for T. naumanni and replace it with the following new account:

Turdus eunomus Temminck. Dusky Thrush.

Turdus eunomus Temminck, 1831, Nouveau Recueil de Planches Coloriées d’Oiseaux, livraison 87, text to plate 514. (Japan.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous and mixed forest, forest edge, taiga, and deciduous scrub; in migration and winter, fields, farmland, open woodland, parks, and gardens.

Distribution.—Breeds from northern Siberia east to Kamchatka.

Winters from Japan and the Ryukyu Islands south to southern China and Taiwan, rarely west to Southeast Asia and India.

Casual in Alaska (western Aleutians, St. Lawrence Island, Barrow, Anchorage, Sitka), British Columbia (Langley, Nanaimo, Vancouver), the British Isles, western Europe, and the Commander Islands.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with T. naumanni Temminck, 1831 [Naumann’s Thrush] under the English name Dusky Thrush, but separated based on evidence of assortative mating in contact zones (Stepanyan 1983,inMurray 2009), as in, e.g., Knox et al. (2008), Clements et al. (2019), and Gill et al. (2020). A report of a vagrant individual of T. naumanni sensu stricto in Alaska (Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, 5 June 2015; photos; Lehman 2019) is under consideration by the Alaska Checklist Committee.

37. [p. 681] Records of Uraeginthus bengalus in the United States are recognized as belonging to populations that were never established (contraLong 1981, AOU 1983, 1998; Lever 1987, Pratt et al. 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009). Remove this species from the list of species known to occur in the United States, remove the heading and citation for Uraeginthus, remove the species account from the Main List, and insert the following new species account in the Appendix, Part 1, preceding the account for Lagonosticta rubricata:

Uraeginthus bengalus (Linnaeus). Red-cheeked Cordonbleu.

Fringilla bengalus Linnaeus, 1766, Systema Naturae (ed. 12) 1: 323. Based on “Le Bengali” Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 203, pl. 10, fig. 1. (in Bengala error = Senegal.)

This common cagebird, which breeds naturally in tropical Africa, was introduced and formerly bred on the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Hawaii, especially the latter (VanderWerf et al. 2018). The small population on Hawaii was believed to have originated in 1972 following the release of aviary birds (Giffin 2003). This population remained stable into the late 1980s, possibly as a result of continued release of captive birds, but declined rapidly in the 21st century and was last sighted in Hawaii in 2006 (VanderWerf et al. 2018). Although formerly treated as established in Hawaii (e.g., Long 1981, AOU 1983, 1998; Lever 1987, Pratt et al. 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009), this species in fact failed to become established there (Pyle and Pyle 2017, VanderWerf et al. 2017, 2018).

38. [p. 681] Records of Estrilda melpoda in the United States are recognized as belonging to populations that are no longer established. Remove this species from the list of species known to occur in the United States and change the second paragraph of the distributional statement to the following:

Introduced and established on Bermuda (reported 1975, well-established and breeding since 1982), and on Puerto Rico. Introduced and formerly (e.g., Long 1981, AOU 1983, 1998; Lever 1987, Pratt et al. 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009) considered established in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu and Maui; first reported in 1965), but populations there are no longer considered to be established (Pyle and Pyle 2017).

39. [p. 681] Records of Estrilda troglodytes in the United States are recognized as belonging to populations that were never established (Pratt et al. 1987; contraLong 1981, AOU 1983, 1998; Lever 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009). Remove this species from the list of species known to occur in the United States, and change the second paragraph of the distributional statement to the following:

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico. Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu and Hawaii, where last reported in 2009), but populations failed to become established (Pyle and Pyle 2017, VanderWerf et al. 2017, 2018).

40. [p. 683] Records of Lonchura malacca in the United States are recognized as belonging to populations that were never established (contraRestall 1996, Banks et al. 2000). Remove this species from the list of species known to occur in the United States, remove “Hawaiian Islands (Oahu),” from the first sentence of the second paragraph of the distributional statement, and add the following sentence to the end of the second paragraph of the distributional statement: Individuals of L. malacca sensu stricto are occasionally reported in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui), but previous reports of established populations (e.g., Restall 1996, Banks et al. 2000) were in error (Pyle and Pyle 2017). Records from Florida have been accepted by the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee (Greenlaw 2016) as natural vagrants from established populations in Cuba, but the American Birding Association Checklist Committee has yet to accept these records.

41. [p. 575] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Burns et al. 2014) have shown that Tachyphonus as currently constituted is polyphyletic. These findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Eucometis penicillata, insert the following heading, citation, and Notes:

Genus Loriotus Jarocki

Loriotus Jarocki, 1821, Zoologiia czyli Zwiérzętopismo Ogólne Podług Naynowszego Systematu Ułożone 2: 133. Type, by original designation, Tanagra cristata Linnaeus.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) synonymized with Tachyphonus, but genetic data (Burns et al. 2014) indicate that Tachyphonus as previously constituted was polyphyletic, and that the species placed in Loriotus are not Tachyphonus sensu stricto.

Change Tachyphonus luctuosus to Loriotus luctuosus, place the account for this species under the heading and Notes for Loriotus, and insert the following Notes at the end of the species account:

Notes.—See comments under Loriotus.

After the heading and citation for Tachyphonus, insert the following:

Notes.—See comments under Loriotus.

42. [p. 694] Delete the account for Brotogeris chiriri from the Appendix, Part 1.

43. [p. 695] In the Appendix, Part 1, change Amazilia brevirostris to Chrysuronia brevirostris and Amazilia tobaci to Saucerottia tobaci, following Stiles et al. (2017).

44. [p. 695] Insert the following new species account in the Appendix, Part 1, preceding the account for Ramphastos brevis:

Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus). Common Kingfisher.

Gracula Atthis, Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae (ed. 10) 1: 109. (Egypt.)

A specimen of this species, which naturally occurs in Eurasia and North Africa, was apparently collected from mangroves near Palo Alto, east of Júcaro and south of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba; this specimen was obtained for a private collection on 20 April 2003 and the record was published in Rodríguez et al. (2005). However, no photos were included in the publication, and the identification cannot be verified independently. Rodríguez et al. (2005) did not believe this to have been an escaped cage bird, and the species is occasionally found far from its typical range (e.g., Iceland, Madeira, Cocos [Keeling] Island, and the Azores), revealing some capacity for dispersal over open water. Nevertheless, whether this individual represented a natural vagrant is uncertain.

45. [pp. 705 ff.] Make the following changes to the list of French names of North American birds:

Insert the following names in the proper position as indicated by the text of this supplement:

• Sarkidiornis sylvicola Canard sylvicole

• Anas diazi Canard du Mexique

• Selasphorus heloisa Colibri héloïse

• Selasphorus ellioti Colibri d’Elliot

• Phaeoptila sordida Colibri sombre

• Riccordia ricordii Émeraude de Ricord

• Riccordia bracei Émeraude de New Providence

• Riccordia swainsonii Émeraude d’Hispaniola

• Riccordia maugaeus Émeraude de Porto Rico

• Riccordia bicolor Colibri à tête bleue

• Cynanthus auriceps Émeraude couronnée

• Cynanthus forficatus Émeraude de Cozumel

• Cynanthus canivetii Émeraude de Canivet

• Basilinna leucotis Colibri à oreilles blanches

• Basilinna xantusii Colibri de Xantus

• Pampa curvipennis Campyloptère pampa

• Pampa excellens Campyloptère de Wetmore

• Pampa rufa Campyloptère roux

• Microchera cupreiceps Colibri à tête cuivrée

• Microchera chionura Colibri elvire

• Goldmania bella Colibri du Pirré

• Eupherusa ridgwayi Dryade du Mexique

• Leucolia violiceps Ariane à couronne violette

• Leucolia viridifrons Ariane à front vert

• Saucerottia cyanocephala Ariane à couronne azur

• Saucerottia hoffmanni Ariane de Hoffmann

• Saucerottia beryllina Ariane béryl

• Saucerottia cyanura Ariane à queue bleue

• Saucerottia edward Ariane d’Edward

• Chrysuronia coeruleogularis Colibri faux-saphir

• Chrysuronia humboldtii Ariane de Humboldt

• Polyerata amabilis Ariane aimable

• Polyerata decora Ariane charmante

• Chlorestes candida Ariane candide

• Chlorestes eliciae Colibri d’Élicia

• Chlorestes julie Colibri de Julie

• Buteo rufinus Buse féroce

• Gymnasio nudipes Petit-duc de Porto Rico

• Brotogeris chiririri Toui à ailes jaunes

• Poliocrania exsul Alapi à dos roux

• Sipia laemosticta Alapi tabac

• Formicarius moniliger Tétéma du Mexique

• Dendroma rufa Anabate roux

• Pseudopipra pipra Manakin à tête blanche

• Zimmerius parvus Tyranneau menu

• Lanius collurio Pie-grièche écorcheur

• Cyanolyca nanus Geai nain

• Helopsaltes ochotensis Locustelle de Middendorff

• Turdus eunomus Grive à ailes rousses

• Loriotus luctuosus Tangara à épaulettes blanches

• in APPENDIX (Part 1)

• Saucerottia tobaci Ariane de Félicie

• Chrysuronia brevirostris Ariane à poitrine blanche

• Alcedo atthis Martin-pêcheur d’Europe

• Uraeginthus bengalus Cordonbleu à joues rouges

• Delete the following names:

• Sarkidiornis melanotos Canard à bosse

• Atthis heloisa Colibri héloïse

• Atthis ellioti Colibri d’Elliot

• Chlorostilbon auriceps Émeraude couronnée

• Chlorostilbon forficatus Émeraude de Cozumel

• Chlorostilbon canivetii Émeraude de Canivet

• Chlorostilbon ricordii Émeraude de Ricord

• Chlorostilbon bracei Émeraude de New Providence

• Chlorostilbon swainsonii Émeraude d’Hispaniola

• Chlorostilbon maugaeus Émeraude de Porto Rico

• Cynanthus sordidus Colibri sombre

• Cyanophaia bicolor Colibri à tête bleue

• Campylopterus curvipennis Campyloptère pampa

• Campylopterus excellens Campyloptère de Wetmore

• Campylopterus rufus Campyloptère roux

• Elvira chionura Colibri elvire

• Elvira cupreiceps Colibri à tête cuivrée

• Thalurania ridgwayi Dryade du Mexique

• Amazilia candida Ariane candide

• Amazilia amabilis Ariane aimable

• Amazilia decora Ariane charmante

• Amazilia cyanocephala Ariane à couronne azur

• Amazilia beryllina Ariane béryl

• Amazilia cyanura Ariane à queue bleue

• Amazilia hoffmanni Ariane de Hoffmann

• Amazilia edward Ariane d’Edward

• Amazilia violiceps Ariane à couronne violette

• Amazilia viridifrons Ariane à front vert

• Goethalsia bella Colibri du Pirré

• Lepidopyga coeruleogularis Colibri faux-saphir

• Juliamyia julie Colibri de Julie

• Hylocharis humboldtii Saphir de Humboldt

• Hylocharis eliciae Saphir d’Elicia

• Hylocharis leucotis Saphir à oreilles blanches

• Hylocharis xantusii Saphir de Xantus

• Megascops nudipes Petit-duc de Porto Rico

• Myrmeciza exsul Alapi à dos roux

• Myrmeciza laemosticta Alapi tabac

• Philydor rufa Anabate roux

• Dixiphia pipra Manakin à tête blanche

• Cyanolyca nana Geai nain

• Corvus caurinus Corneille d’Alaska

• Locustella ochotensis Locustelle de Middendorff

• Turdus naumanni Grive de Naumann

• Uraeginthus bengalus Cordonbleu à joues rouges

• Tachyphonus luctuosus Tangara à épaulettes blanches

• in APPENDIX (Part 1)

• Amazilia brevirostris Ariane à poitrine blanche

• Amazilia tobaci Ariane de Félicie

• Brotogeris chiririri Toui à ailes jaunes

Change the sequence of families in the order Suliformes as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Change the sequence of genera and species in the families Phasianidae, TROCHILIDAE, RALLIDAE, Phalacrocoracidae, Cathartidae, STRIGIDAE, ALCEDINIDAE, PSITTACIDAE, THAMNOPHILIDAE, HIRUNDINIDAE, and Locustellidae as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Proposals considered but not accepted by the Committee included recognition of the columbid subfamily Starnoenadinae, change of the English name of Blue-headed Quail-Dove Starnoenas cyanocephala, separation of Garnet-throated Hummingbird Lamprolaima rhami into 2 species, recognition of Guanacaste Hummingbird Amazilia alfaroana as a species rather than a hybrid, separation of Ardea occidentalis from Great Blue Heron A. herodias, separation of Aegolius brooksi from Northern Saw-whet Owl A. acadicus, removal of “scrub” from the English names of the scrub-jays (Aphelocoma spp.), separation of Unicolored Jay Aphelocoma unicolor into 4 species, separation of Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris into 2 or more species, and change of the English name of Olive Warbler Peucedramus taeniatus to Ocotero.

Authors are members of the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle America, of the American Ornithological Society (formerly American Ornithologists’ Union), listed alphabetically after the Chairman.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Normand David serves as the Committee’s advisor for classical languages in relation to scientific names, and Michel Gosselin is the authority for French names. Natalia C. García, Rosa A. Jimenez, and Max T. Kirsch serve on the Early Professional Systematics Group for the committee. We thank P. Alström, G. R. Angehr, F. Angulo, N. Bahr, L. Bevier, M. Brown, S. Claramunt, D. DeRaad, E. C. Dickinson, K. L. Garrett, V. Ruiz-Gutiérrez, G. Hanisek, M. J. Iliff, M. L. Isler, A. Jaramillo, A. W. Jones, A. J. Knue, M. Kuziemko, P. E. Lehman, D. Lepage, T. Leukering, A. Lin-Moore, J. Maley, J. McCormack, S. Mlodinow, P. Moriyasu, K. E. Omland, F. Pacheco, A. P. Peterson, P. Pyle, V. de Q. Piacentini, M. L. P. Retter, R. Schodde, T. S. Schulenberg, D. L. Slager, G. Stiles, T. Valqui, B. Winger, J. Withrow, R. Wright, and L. Zoller for assistance, suggestions, and comments.