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G. Jilani, R. C. Saxena, B. P. Rueda, Repellent and Growth-Inhibiting Effects of Turmeric Oil, Sweetflag Oil, Neem Oil, and “Margosan-O” on Red Flour Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 81, Issue 4, 1 August 1988, Pages 1226–1230, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.4.1226
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Abstract
In a food preference chamber, fewer adults of red flour beetle (Tribolium Castaneum Herbst) settled in rice grain treated with 100, 500, or 1,000 ppm of the oil of turmeric Curcuma longa (L.), sweetflag Acarus calamus (L.), or neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss, or “Margosan-O” (a commercial neem-based insecticide). Repellency increased with increasing concentrations of the oils and Margosan. In another choice test, filter paper strips treated with turmeric oil or sweetflag oil at 200, 400, or 800 µg/cm2 repelled insects during the first 2 wk; thereafter, repellency decreased more rapidly than with neem oilor Margosan-O. Tribolium castaneum adults fed wheat flour, which had been treated with the test materials at 200 ppm, produced fewer and underweight larvae, pupae, and adults compared with the control.