Reference . | Duration of breastfeeding . | Outcome assessment . | Definition of overweight and obesity . | Confounders . |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armstrong et al. (18) | 6–8 weeks | MS* | Obesity: BMI* > 95th percentile; severe obesity: BMI > 98th percentile | Sex, birth weight, and socioeconomic status |
Czajka-Narins and Jung (19) | 2–4, 5–7, 8–10, and 11–18 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 | None |
Dubois et al. (20) | <1, 1–3, and >3 months | MS | Obesity: >90th percentile of weight/age | None |
Gillman et al. (21) | <1, 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and >9 months | SR* | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–95th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile† | Age, sex, Tanner stage, television, physical activity, eating habits, weight cycling, concerns to gain weight, birth order, household income, daily energy intake, maternal body mass index, birth weight, and maternal smoking |
Hediger et al. (22) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–8, and ≥9 months | MS | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile | Birth weight, ethnicity, age, sex, maternal body mass index, and age at introduction of solid food |
Langnäse et al. (23) | ≤6 and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | None |
Liese et al. (I) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
Liese et al. (II) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
O'Callaghan et al. (25) | ≤2 weeks, 3–6 weeks, 7 weeks–3 months, 4–5 months, and ≥6 months | MS | Moderate obesity: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; marked obesity: BMI > 94th percentile | Birth weight, sex, small for gestational age, eating problems, and sleeplessness |
Parsons et al. (26) | >1 month | MS | Obesity: BMI > 30 kg/m2 | Maternal body mass index, social class, and maternal smoking |
Poulton and Williams (27) | ≤6 and >6 months | NR* | Overweight: 3–15 years: percentiles (not further specified); >15 years: BMI > 25 kg/m2 | Sex, birth weight, maternal education, and maternal and paternal overweight |
Richter (28) | <3, 3–6, and ≥7 months | MS | Overweight: weight > 120% | None |
Thorogood et al. (29) | <1, 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: weight/50th percentile of weight divided by length/50th percentile of length >110% | None |
Toschke et al. (30) | <1, 2–3, 4–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, birth weight of >4,000 g, daily television watching of >1 hour, sport outside school, and siblings |
Von Kries et al. (31) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–12, and >12 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight of <2,500 g, own bedroom, and consumes butter more than 3 times per week |
Wadsworth et al. (32) | ≤2, 3–4, 5–10, and >10 months | NR | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Socioeconomic status during childhood, birth weight of >2,500 g, no. of persons per room at 2 years, and fat consumption at 4 years |
Yeung et al. (33) | ≥2 months | MS | Obesity: weight/length > 95th percentile | None |
Reference . | Duration of breastfeeding . | Outcome assessment . | Definition of overweight and obesity . | Confounders . |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armstrong et al. (18) | 6–8 weeks | MS* | Obesity: BMI* > 95th percentile; severe obesity: BMI > 98th percentile | Sex, birth weight, and socioeconomic status |
Czajka-Narins and Jung (19) | 2–4, 5–7, 8–10, and 11–18 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 | None |
Dubois et al. (20) | <1, 1–3, and >3 months | MS | Obesity: >90th percentile of weight/age | None |
Gillman et al. (21) | <1, 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and >9 months | SR* | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–95th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile† | Age, sex, Tanner stage, television, physical activity, eating habits, weight cycling, concerns to gain weight, birth order, household income, daily energy intake, maternal body mass index, birth weight, and maternal smoking |
Hediger et al. (22) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–8, and ≥9 months | MS | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile | Birth weight, ethnicity, age, sex, maternal body mass index, and age at introduction of solid food |
Langnäse et al. (23) | ≤6 and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | None |
Liese et al. (I) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
Liese et al. (II) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
O'Callaghan et al. (25) | ≤2 weeks, 3–6 weeks, 7 weeks–3 months, 4–5 months, and ≥6 months | MS | Moderate obesity: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; marked obesity: BMI > 94th percentile | Birth weight, sex, small for gestational age, eating problems, and sleeplessness |
Parsons et al. (26) | >1 month | MS | Obesity: BMI > 30 kg/m2 | Maternal body mass index, social class, and maternal smoking |
Poulton and Williams (27) | ≤6 and >6 months | NR* | Overweight: 3–15 years: percentiles (not further specified); >15 years: BMI > 25 kg/m2 | Sex, birth weight, maternal education, and maternal and paternal overweight |
Richter (28) | <3, 3–6, and ≥7 months | MS | Overweight: weight > 120% | None |
Thorogood et al. (29) | <1, 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: weight/50th percentile of weight divided by length/50th percentile of length >110% | None |
Toschke et al. (30) | <1, 2–3, 4–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, birth weight of >4,000 g, daily television watching of >1 hour, sport outside school, and siblings |
Von Kries et al. (31) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–12, and >12 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight of <2,500 g, own bedroom, and consumes butter more than 3 times per week |
Wadsworth et al. (32) | ≤2, 3–4, 5–10, and >10 months | NR | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Socioeconomic status during childhood, birth weight of >2,500 g, no. of persons per room at 2 years, and fat consumption at 4 years |
Yeung et al. (33) | ≥2 months | MS | Obesity: weight/length > 95th percentile | None |
Reference . | Duration of breastfeeding . | Outcome assessment . | Definition of overweight and obesity . | Confounders . |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armstrong et al. (18) | 6–8 weeks | MS* | Obesity: BMI* > 95th percentile; severe obesity: BMI > 98th percentile | Sex, birth weight, and socioeconomic status |
Czajka-Narins and Jung (19) | 2–4, 5–7, 8–10, and 11–18 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 | None |
Dubois et al. (20) | <1, 1–3, and >3 months | MS | Obesity: >90th percentile of weight/age | None |
Gillman et al. (21) | <1, 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and >9 months | SR* | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–95th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile† | Age, sex, Tanner stage, television, physical activity, eating habits, weight cycling, concerns to gain weight, birth order, household income, daily energy intake, maternal body mass index, birth weight, and maternal smoking |
Hediger et al. (22) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–8, and ≥9 months | MS | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile | Birth weight, ethnicity, age, sex, maternal body mass index, and age at introduction of solid food |
Langnäse et al. (23) | ≤6 and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | None |
Liese et al. (I) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
Liese et al. (II) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
O'Callaghan et al. (25) | ≤2 weeks, 3–6 weeks, 7 weeks–3 months, 4–5 months, and ≥6 months | MS | Moderate obesity: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; marked obesity: BMI > 94th percentile | Birth weight, sex, small for gestational age, eating problems, and sleeplessness |
Parsons et al. (26) | >1 month | MS | Obesity: BMI > 30 kg/m2 | Maternal body mass index, social class, and maternal smoking |
Poulton and Williams (27) | ≤6 and >6 months | NR* | Overweight: 3–15 years: percentiles (not further specified); >15 years: BMI > 25 kg/m2 | Sex, birth weight, maternal education, and maternal and paternal overweight |
Richter (28) | <3, 3–6, and ≥7 months | MS | Overweight: weight > 120% | None |
Thorogood et al. (29) | <1, 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: weight/50th percentile of weight divided by length/50th percentile of length >110% | None |
Toschke et al. (30) | <1, 2–3, 4–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, birth weight of >4,000 g, daily television watching of >1 hour, sport outside school, and siblings |
Von Kries et al. (31) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–12, and >12 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight of <2,500 g, own bedroom, and consumes butter more than 3 times per week |
Wadsworth et al. (32) | ≤2, 3–4, 5–10, and >10 months | NR | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Socioeconomic status during childhood, birth weight of >2,500 g, no. of persons per room at 2 years, and fat consumption at 4 years |
Yeung et al. (33) | ≥2 months | MS | Obesity: weight/length > 95th percentile | None |
Reference . | Duration of breastfeeding . | Outcome assessment . | Definition of overweight and obesity . | Confounders . |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armstrong et al. (18) | 6–8 weeks | MS* | Obesity: BMI* > 95th percentile; severe obesity: BMI > 98th percentile | Sex, birth weight, and socioeconomic status |
Czajka-Narins and Jung (19) | 2–4, 5–7, 8–10, and 11–18 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 | None |
Dubois et al. (20) | <1, 1–3, and >3 months | MS | Obesity: >90th percentile of weight/age | None |
Gillman et al. (21) | <1, 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and >9 months | SR* | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–95th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile† | Age, sex, Tanner stage, television, physical activity, eating habits, weight cycling, concerns to gain weight, birth order, household income, daily energy intake, maternal body mass index, birth weight, and maternal smoking |
Hediger et al. (22) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–8, and ≥9 months | MS | Risk of overweight: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; overweight: BMI > 95th percentile | Birth weight, ethnicity, age, sex, maternal body mass index, and age at introduction of solid food |
Langnäse et al. (23) | ≤6 and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | None |
Liese et al. (I) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
Liese et al. (II) (24) | <6 and 6–12 months (exclusive breastfeeding: <2, 2–4, and 5–6 months) | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile | Age, sex, city, nationality, socioeconomic status, and smoking |
O'Callaghan et al. (25) | ≤2 weeks, 3–6 weeks, 7 weeks–3 months, 4–5 months, and ≥6 months | MS | Moderate obesity: BMI = 85th–94th percentile; marked obesity: BMI > 94th percentile | Birth weight, sex, small for gestational age, eating problems, and sleeplessness |
Parsons et al. (26) | >1 month | MS | Obesity: BMI > 30 kg/m2 | Maternal body mass index, social class, and maternal smoking |
Poulton and Williams (27) | ≤6 and >6 months | NR* | Overweight: 3–15 years: percentiles (not further specified); >15 years: BMI > 25 kg/m2 | Sex, birth weight, maternal education, and maternal and paternal overweight |
Richter (28) | <3, 3–6, and ≥7 months | MS | Overweight: weight > 120% | None |
Thorogood et al. (29) | <1, 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: weight/50th percentile of weight divided by length/50th percentile of length >110% | None |
Toschke et al. (30) | <1, 2–3, 4–6, and >6 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, birth weight of >4,000 g, daily television watching of >1 hour, sport outside school, and siblings |
Von Kries et al. (31) | ≤2, 3–5, 6–12, and >12 months | MS | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight of <2,500 g, own bedroom, and consumes butter more than 3 times per week |
Wadsworth et al. (32) | ≤2, 3–4, 5–10, and >10 months | NR | Overweight: BMI > 90th percentile; obesity: BMI > 97th percentile | Socioeconomic status during childhood, birth weight of >2,500 g, no. of persons per room at 2 years, and fat consumption at 4 years |
Yeung et al. (33) | ≥2 months | MS | Obesity: weight/length > 95th percentile | None |
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