Activation of JNK signalling by curcumin is unaffected by overexpression of p65. ( A ) Cells were transfected with pCMV-p65 or empty vector and treated with curcumin (35 µM) for 24 h. JNK activity was determined by western blotting and by assessment of phosphorylated c-jun levels in whole-cell lysates. ( B ) Fold induction of JNK was calculated by densitometric analysis of phospho-JNK western blots. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD from three separate experiments.