Aquatic invasive species prevention in the live baitfish trade: the role of regulations, education, and inspections

Abstract

Prevention is emphasized as the most cost-effective way to limit human-mediated introductions and negative impacts of invasive species, but preventative actions are often implemented in a spatially and temporally imperfect manner. We reviewed the current knowledge of preventative actions (regulations, education, and inspections) and received modified conceptual maps from aquatic invasive species experts in US states to determine the extent of these actions for the live baitfish trade. The focus on individual preventative actions was region specific, but cohesiveness across regions could amplify the wholistic benefit of prevention nationally. Funding most often limits the implementation of preventative actions, but resource and information sharing could overcome this constraint. Regional integration and strategic effort allocation for preventative actions are needed to reduce introduction risk and implementation constraints.