
Contents
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Trends in Production and Income Trends in Production and Income
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Agricultural Production in the Nineteenth Century Agricultural Production in the Nineteenth Century
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Agricultural Production, 1890–1947 Agricultural Production, 1890–1947
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Resources and Techniques Resources and Techniques
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Soil Soil
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Water Water
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Equipment, Seeds, Livestock Equipment, Seeds, Livestock
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Markets Markets
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Commercialization of Agriculture Commercialization of Agriculture
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Crops: Indigo and Opium in an Earlier Wave Crops: Indigo and Opium in an Earlier Wave
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Crops: Cotton, Wheat, Rice, and Sugarcane in a Later Wave Crops: Cotton, Wheat, Rice, and Sugarcane in a Later Wave
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Agriculture in Major Regions Agriculture in Major Regions
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Punjab Punjab
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The Upper Doab The Upper Doab
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The Deccan Plateau The Deccan Plateau
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Western India outside Deccan Plateau Western India outside Deccan Plateau
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Eastern India Eastern India
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Coastal Andhra Coastal Andhra
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Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu
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Central India: The Narmada Valley, Chhattisgarh, and Berar Central India: The Narmada Valley, Chhattisgarh, and Berar
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Sind Sind
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Land, Labour, and Credit Markets Land, Labour, and Credit Markets
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Land Market Land Market
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Tenancy or Market for User Rights Tenancy or Market for User Rights
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Labour Market Labour Market
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Credit Market Credit Market
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Effects of Market Expansion Effects of Market Expansion
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Peasant Earnings Peasant Earnings
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Wages of Labourers Wages of Labourers
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Land Ownership and Class Structure Land Ownership and Class Structure
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Famines Famines
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Explaining Stagnation Explaining Stagnation
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Class and Power Class and Power
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Resource Endowment Resource Endowment
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Cite
Abstract
Under British colonial rule, agriculture was a major source of livelihood for more than two-thirds of the economically active population in South Asia. However, growth rates in agriculture were stagnant and inequality in the region increased, a trend that continued well after 1947. This chapter discusses why growth in agriculture was so uneven, why there was continuity in the regional pattern of agrarian change, and why growth was low overall. It examines agrarian change in India over the period, 1858–1947, along with trends in agricultural production and income, resources and techniques (soil, water, equipment, seeds, livestock), the expansion of the agricultural commodity market, agricultural crops (indigo, opium, cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane), agriculture in major regions such as Punjab and Deccan Plateau), land market, labour market, credit market, and the effects of commercialization. The chapter concludes by assessing the factors behind the slow growth in Indian agriculture during the colonial period.
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