
Contents
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Heterogeneity of the Autism Spectrum Heterogeneity of the Autism Spectrum
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Technical Considerations Technical Considerations
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Social Information Processing Social Information Processing
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Social Perception Social Perception
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The amygdala and social perception The amygdala and social perception
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Superior temporal sulcus and social perception Superior temporal sulcus and social perception
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Social Cognition Social Cognition
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Medial prefrontal cortex and social cognition Medial prefrontal cortex and social cognition
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Social Communication Social Communication
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Social Imitation (Self–Other Matching) Social Imitation (Self–Other Matching)
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Very Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Gaze Shifting as a Marker of Social Development Very Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Gaze Shifting as a Marker of Social Development
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Cognitive Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders Cognitive Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Increased Head Size in Autism Spectrum Disorder Increased Head Size in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Functional Connectivity for Cognitive Tasks Functional Connectivity for Cognitive Tasks
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Frontal Lobes and Cognitive Control Frontal Lobes and Cognitive Control
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Performance monitoring in individuals with ASDs Performance monitoring in individuals with ASDs
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Cognitive contributions to social dysfunction Cognitive contributions to social dysfunction
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Future Directions Future Directions
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References References
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3 Neuroimaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Published:December 2012
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Abstract
This chapter reviews several major themes in the neuroimaging of ASDs to date (see summary of representative themes in Table 3.1), including substantial and essential contributions from the modular framework. The chapter begins, however, with a discussion of several challenges related to the diversity of ASDs in terms of factors such as age, level of functioning, and symptom presentation. Progress in the ability to identify more homogenous subgroups, based on targeted phenotypic measures, opens the door to link neuroimaging with genetics findings and also with treatment outcome data. This should lead to better understanding of both the causes of ASDs and the best approaches to intervention. The chapter is divided according to two broad, related themes related to social information processing and cognitive factors in ASDs. Within these themes, the chapter considers evidence from both structural and functional imaging studies as well as relatively newer approaches to connectivity, including diffusion tensor imaging. The primary focus of this chapter is on research utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). Although several early neuroimaging studies utilized positron emission tomography scanning, these studies are rare now and are not addressed in depth. New techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy suggest tremendous promise for noninvasive imaging of expanded age groups and severity levels of ASDs; however, these studies are also few in number and are touched on only briefly.
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