
Contents
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3.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction
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3.2 The role of Britain in early attitudes about cannabis and cannabis medicines 3.2 The role of Britain in early attitudes about cannabis and cannabis medicines
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3.2.1 Britain and the Indian cannabis and opium commissions 3.2.1 Britain and the Indian cannabis and opium commissions
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3.3 The impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments 3.3 The impact of nineteenth-century scientific developments
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3.3.1 Technology and single molecules 3.3.1 Technology and single molecules
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3.3.2 The ascendancy of professional pharmaceutical influence 3.3.2 The ascendancy of professional pharmaceutical influence
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3.4 The development of international control mechanisms 3.4 The development of international control mechanisms
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3.4.1 The years 1900–1925 3.4.1 The years 1900–1925
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3.4.2 The years 1926–1961 3.4.2 The years 1926–1961
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3.4.3 The 1961 United Nations (UN) Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 3.4.3 The 1961 United Nations (UN) Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
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3.4.4 The 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances 3.4.4 The 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances
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3.4.5 1988 UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 3.4.5 1988 UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
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3.5 How absolute are the treaty obligations? 3.5 How absolute are the treaty obligations?
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3.6 How have nations interpreted and implemented their obligations? 3.6 How have nations interpreted and implemented their obligations?
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3.6.1 Depenalization 3.6.1 Depenalization
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3.6.2 Decriminalization 3.6.2 Decriminalization
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3.6.3 Legalization 3.6.3 Legalization
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3.6.3.1 The unique case of the Netherlands 3.6.3.1 The unique case of the Netherlands
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3.7 Is it possible to distinguish between medical and nonmedical use? 3.7 Is it possible to distinguish between medical and nonmedical use?
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3.7.1 Classification or scheduling as a tool 3.7.1 Classification or scheduling as a tool
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3.7.2 Can “alternative” medical use be permitted? 3.7.2 Can “alternative” medical use be permitted?
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3.7.2.1 Cannabis as an herb or dietary supplement? 3.7.2.1 Cannabis as an herb or dietary supplement?
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3.7.2.2 Cannabis via compassionate access? 3.7.2.2 Cannabis via compassionate access?
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3.7.2.3 Maintaining the integrity of alternative cannabis access schemes 3.7.2.3 Maintaining the integrity of alternative cannabis access schemes
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3.8 What factors will affect future access? 3.8 What factors will affect future access?
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3.8.1 The impact of the Internet 3.8.1 The impact of the Internet
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3.8.2 Growing international influence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 3.8.2 Growing international influence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
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3.8.3 Increasing variety and sophistication of cannabis products 3.8.3 Increasing variety and sophistication of cannabis products
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3.8.4 Improved technology permitting the development of complex cannabis-derived prescription medications 3.8.4 Improved technology permitting the development of complex cannabis-derived prescription medications
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3.8.5 Impact of legalization or decriminalization on “medical marijuana” 3.8.5 Impact of legalization or decriminalization on “medical marijuana”
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3.8.6 Growing interest in “alternative” medical products and services 3.8.6 Growing interest in “alternative” medical products and services
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3.8.7 Additional factors 3.8.7 Additional factors
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3.9 Conclusion 3.9 Conclusion
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References References
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3 International Control of Cannabis
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Published:August 2014
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Abstract
Historically, herbal cannabis has been used by various cultures for medical, “quasi/alternative” medical, and non-medical purposes. Cannabis became subject to international drug control following the 1925 Second Opium Conference. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 consolidated and extended previous treaty requirements and explicitly brought the cultivation of herbal cannabis under control. However, this and subsequent treaties contain qualifying language that can be interpreted to mitigate certain of their legal obligations. As a result, many countries in recent decades have lessened the penalties that attach to certain conduct, particularly possession of cannabis for personal consumption. These changes may be characterized as forms of depenalization, decriminalization, or, to a more limited extent, legalization. Governments have also devised different regulatory or other tools to distinguish medical from non-medical and “alternative” medical uses of cannabis. Competing concerns and developments will affect the future accessibility of cannabis for any, or all, purposes.
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