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Infection control—general principles Infection control—general principles
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Intravascular catheters Intravascular catheters
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VAP VAP
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Urinary catheters Urinary catheters
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Antimicrobial stewardship and resistance Antimicrobial stewardship and resistance
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Prevention of transmission of infection Prevention of transmission of infection
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Hospital environmental hygiene Hospital environmental hygiene
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Hand hygiene Hand hygiene
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Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment
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Contact precautions/isolation Contact precautions/isolation
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Consult infection control team Consult infection control team
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Staffing Staffing
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Occupational health Occupational health
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Human immunodeficiency virus Human immunodeficiency virus
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The care of patients with HIV The care of patients with HIV
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HIV testing in the critical care setting HIV testing in the critical care setting
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Antiretroviral therapy in the critically ill patient Antiretroviral therapy in the critically ill patient
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Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
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Presentation Presentation
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Investigation Investigation
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Treatment Treatment
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Cryptococcal meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis
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Presentation Presentation
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Investigation Investigation
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Treatment Treatment
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Toxoplasmosis encephalitis Toxoplasmosis encephalitis
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Presentation Presentation
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Investigation Investigation
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Treatment Treatment
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Severe falciparum malaria Severe falciparum malaria
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Treatment Treatment
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Supportive measures Supportive measures
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Other treatments Other treatments
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Prognosis Prognosis
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Vasculitides in the ICU Vasculitides in the ICU
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Nomenclature Nomenclature
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Incidence, outcome, and aetiology Incidence, outcome, and aetiology
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Presentation and diagnosis in ICU patients Presentation and diagnosis in ICU patients
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Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms
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Laboratory investigations Laboratory investigations
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Serological, histopathological, and radiological tests Serological, histopathological, and radiological tests
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Management Management
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Specific ICU management Specific ICU management
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Source control Source control
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Prophylaxis Prophylaxis
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Treatment options Treatment options
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Antibiotics Antibiotics
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Abscess Abscess
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Necrotic tissue Necrotic tissue
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Infected foreign body Infected foreign body
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Summary Summary
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Selective decontamination of the digestive tract Selective decontamination of the digestive tract
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Theory Theory
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Potential pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) Potential pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs)
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Typical protocol Typical protocol
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Evidence Evidence
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Usage Usage
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Markers of infection Markers of infection
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Clinical diagnosis of infection Clinical diagnosis of infection
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The ideal biomarker of infection The ideal biomarker of infection
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Markers of the host response to infection Markers of the host response to infection
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Temperature Temperature
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White cell count and differential White cell count and differential
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Neutrophilic leukocytosis Neutrophilic leukocytosis
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Eosinophilic leukocytosis Eosinophilic leukocytosis
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Lymphocytic leukocytosis Lymphocytic leukocytosis
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Monocytic leukocytosis Monocytic leukocytosis
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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C-Reactive Protein (CRP) C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
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Pro-calcitonin Pro-calcitonin
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Proinflammatory cytokines Proinflammatory cytokines
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Leukocyte cell surface markers of infection Leukocyte cell surface markers of infection
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Microbial products as a marker of infection Microbial products as a marker of infection
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Endotoxins Endotoxins
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Exotoxins Exotoxins
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Fungal wall components Fungal wall components
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Detection of infectious organisms as a marker of infection Detection of infectious organisms as a marker of infection
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Blood culture Blood culture
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
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Adrenal insufficiency and sepsis Adrenal insufficiency and sepsis
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Mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids Mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids
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Main effects of glucocorticoids Main effects of glucocorticoids
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Metabolic effects Metabolic effects
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Immune effects Immune effects
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Cardiovascular effects Cardiovascular effects
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Clinical approach Clinical approach
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Examination: non-specific signs Examination: non-specific signs
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Special investigations Special investigations
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Random cortisol Random cortisol
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ACTH test ACTH test
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Clinical consequences Clinical consequences
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Initial course of critical illness Initial course of critical illness
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Late course of critical illness Late course of critical illness
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Management Management
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Practical modalities of hormonal treatment in sepsis Practical modalities of hormonal treatment in sepsis
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Treatment Treatment
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Surveillance Surveillance
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Multiple choice questions and further reading Multiple choice questions and further reading
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter discusses infection and inflammation and includes discussion on the general principles of infection control (involving discussion on ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary catheters, antimicrobial stewardship and resistance, and prevention of transmission of infection), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; HIV testing in the critical care setting, antiretroviral therapy in the critically ill patient, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, and toxoplasmosis encephalitis), severe falciparum malaria, vasculitides in the intensive care unit, source control (prophylaxis, antibiotics, abscess, necrotic tissue, and infected foreign body), selective decontamination of the digestive tract (including discussion on theory, potential pathogenic microorganisms, and typical protocol), markers of infection, and adrenal insufficiency and sepsis.
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