
Contents
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6.1. Extant Mammals 6.1. Extant Mammals
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6.2. Stem Mammals 6.2. Stem Mammals
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6.3. Synapsid Brain-Body Scaling 6.3. Synapsid Brain-Body Scaling
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6.4. Paleoecology, Physiology, and Behavior 6.4. Paleoecology, Physiology, and Behavior
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6.4.1. Becoming Small and Nocturnal 6.4.1. Becoming Small and Nocturnal
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6.4.2. The Origins of Synapsid Endothermy 6.4.2. The Origins of Synapsid Endothermy
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6.4.3. Endothermy in Birds 6.4.3. Endothermy in Birds
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6.4.4. Surviving an Asteroid 6.4.4. Surviving an Asteroid
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6.5. Modified Sensory Abilities 6.5. Modified Sensory Abilities
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6.5.1. Vision 6.5.1. Vision
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6.5.1.1. Nocturnal Vision 6.5.1.1. Nocturnal Vision
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6.5.1.2. Color Vision and Foveae 6.5.1.2. Color Vision and Foveae
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6.5.2. Hearing 6.5.2. Hearing
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6.5.2.1. Mammalian Middle Ears 6.5.2.1. Mammalian Middle Ears
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6.5.2.2. Modified Inner Ears 6.5.2.2. Modified Inner Ears
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6.5.3. Olfaction and the Vomeronasal System 6.5.3. Olfaction and the Vomeronasal System
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6.5.4. Somatosensation 6.5.4. Somatosensation
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6.6. Breathing, Chewing, and Moving Around 6.6. Breathing, Chewing, and Moving Around
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6.7. Brain Enlargement and Reorganization 6.7. Brain Enlargement and Reorganization
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6.7.1. Hindbrain Auditory Circuits 6.7.1. Hindbrain Auditory Circuits
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6.7.2. Cerebellum and Related Areas 6.7.2. Cerebellum and Related Areas
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6.7.3. A Modest Midbrain Roof 6.7.3. A Modest Midbrain Roof
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6.7.4. An Enlarged, More Complex Thalamus 6.7.4. An Enlarged, More Complex Thalamus
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6.7.4.1. Thalamic Homologies and Novelties 6.7.4.1. Thalamic Homologies and Novelties
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6.7.4.2. Thalamic Connections with the Telencephalon 6.7.4.2. Thalamic Connections with the Telencephalon
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6.7.5. Striatopallidal Circuits 6.7.5. Striatopallidal Circuits
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6.7.6. Evolution of the Neocortex 6.7.6. Evolution of the Neocortex
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6.7.6.1. The Search for Neocortex Homologs 6.7.6.1. The Search for Neocortex Homologs
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6.7.6.2. Cortical Expansion and Areal Differentiation 6.7.6.2. Cortical Expansion and Areal Differentiation
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6.7.6.3. The Corpus Callosum: An Innovation of Placental Mammals 6.7.6.3. The Corpus Callosum: An Innovation of Placental Mammals
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6.7.7. The Hippocampus: Old but Modified 6.7.7. The Hippocampus: Old but Modified
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References References
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6 The Rise of Endothermy: Mammals, but also Birds
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Published:December 2019
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Abstract
Mammals and birds exhibit many examples of convergent evolution, including endothermy and related traits that helped them survive the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The subsequent diversification of both lineages was accompanied by multiple expansions in relative and (often) absolute brain size. Examples of convergent evolution in the brain include complex folding of the cerebellar cortex, complex auditory circuits, and highly laminar areas within the telencephalon. Of course, birds and mammals also diverged in numerous respects. In particular, early mammals (but not birds!) shifted into a nocturnal niche, which was accompanied by an expansion of the olfactory system and the evolution of highly light-sensitive eyes. In the process, early mammals became “color-blind,” but excellent color vision re-evolved in some diurnal lineages, notably platyrrhine primates. Mammalian brains are also unusual for having strong reciprocal connections between thalamus and dorsal pallium (i.e., neocortex) and extensive commissural connections between the left and right neocortex.
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