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War: A Genealogy of Western Ideas and Practices

Online ISBN:
9780191838583
Print ISBN:
9780198796893
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Book

War: A Genealogy of Western Ideas and Practices

Beatrice Heuser
Beatrice Heuser

Chair of International Relations

Chair of International Relations, University of Glasgow
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Published online:
21 April 2022
Published in print:
17 March 2022
Online ISBN:
9780191838583
Print ISBN:
9780198796893
Publisher:
Oxford University Press

Abstract

War has been conceptualized from a military perspective, but also from ethical, legal, and philosophical viewpoints. These different analytical perspectives are all necessary to understand the many dimensions war, the continua on which war is situated—from small-scale to large-scale, from limited in time or long, from less to extremely destructive, with varying aims, and degrees of involvement of populations. Western civilizations have conceptualized war in binary ways denying the great variety of manifestations of war along these continua. While binary definitions are necessary to capture different conditions legally, they hamper analysis. The binaries include inter-state and intestine war, just war and unjust war (the latter including insurgencies), citizen-soldiers and professionals, civilians and combatants. Yet realities have mostly straddled such demarcations. Even citizen-armies have usually included professionals, civilians have been treated as enemies and sometimes even formally defined as enemies, and rules have not conformed with binary distinctions, if they were respected at all. Also problematic is the Western faith in progress. While in the nineteenth century, customary rules governing the conduct of war have been turned into international law, this is the only aspect of war that has developed in a fairly linear way, while the rise, disappearance, and renaissance of the just war tradition has been anything but linear. This non-linearity also applies to the brutality with which war has been fought, especially towards civilians, who for long stretches of European history must have been the main victims of war, notwithstanding increasing protection they were afforded in theory by customary law. To understand war, we must shed some of these skewed perceptions.

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