
Contents
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Conditions Breeding Second-Wave Emergence and Mobilization Conditions Breeding Second-Wave Emergence and Mobilization
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Associational Space in Afghanistan Associational Space in Afghanistan
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Religious Repression and Closing Associational Space in Uzbekistan Religious Repression and Closing Associational Space in Uzbekistan
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Islamist Ideology and Religious Entrepreneurship in Afghanistan Islamist Ideology and Religious Entrepreneurship in Afghanistan
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The Outcome: Second-Wave Uzbek Islamist Mobilization The Outcome: Second-Wave Uzbek Islamist Mobilization
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The IMU’s Emergence and Early Mobilization, 1996–2001 The IMU’s Emergence and Early Mobilization, 1996–2001
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Early Attacks Early Attacks
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The IMU’s Evolution, 2001–16 The IMU’s Evolution, 2001–16
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Uzbek Religious Repression in the 2000s Uzbek Religious Repression in the 2000s
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The IMU after 9/11 The IMU after 9/11
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The IMU Targets ISAF and the Pakistani and Afghani Governments The IMU Targets ISAF and the Pakistani and Afghani Governments
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Internal Weaknesses Internal Weaknesses
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Explaining the IMU’s Relative Success in Mobilizing Explaining the IMU’s Relative Success in Mobilizing
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Constructing Sacred Authority Constructing Sacred Authority
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Ideological Adaptation for Ordinary Uzbeks Ideological Adaptation for Ordinary Uzbeks
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Ideological Adaptation for Radical Financiers Ideological Adaptation for Radical Financiers
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From Nation to Umma and Caliphate From Nation to Umma and Caliphate
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From Purist Revivalism to Global Jihad From Purist Revivalism to Global Jihad
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Building Networks Building Networks
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The IJU Is Formed The IJU Is Formed
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Explaining the IJU’s Low Mobilization Explaining the IJU’s Low Mobilization
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ISIS Triggers the IMU’s Decline ISIS Triggers the IMU’s Decline
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The IMU’s End or Rebirth? The IMU’s End or Rebirth?
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9 Making Extremists: The Uzbek Jihad Moves to Afghanistan
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Published:June 2023
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Abstract
Karimov’s brutal repression of Islam and widespread torture of Muslims led to a second, violent Islamist wave. Chapter 9 traces the dynamics of the IMU’s emergence, rise, and decline, and argues that Karimov’s policy was the fundamental driver of the IMU. However, radical Islamist ideologies—particularly those of al-Qaeda—strongly influenced the movement’s agenda, tactics, and offshoots. Finding shelter and associational space to network inside Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, the IMU mobilized and fought for nearly two decades. Adopting al-Qaeda’s violent ideology, the IMU not only was militant but also used terrorism and suicide bombing. The chapter further explains how, despite the obstacles to growth in a war zone, the IMU attracted recruits and remained durable by constructing sacred authority, building new networks, and adapting its ideology to attract support from al-Qaeda. Although never posing a serious challenge to Uzbekistan, the IMU did regularly threaten the International Security Assistance Force and U.S. policy in Afghanistan.
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