Brain Aromatase, Estrogens, and Behavior
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Introduction Introduction
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Ecological, Social, and Behavioral Context of Territoriality Ecological, Social, and Behavioral Context of Territoriality
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Seasonal Changes in Physiology and Morphology Seasonal Changes in Physiology and Morphology
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Estrogen Effects on Song Sparrow Behavior and Brain Estrogen Effects on Song Sparrow Behavior and Brain
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Androgen Substrate for Brain Aromatase in the Nonbreeding Season Androgen Substrate for Brain Aromatase in the Nonbreeding Season
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Local versus Systemic Production of Steroids Local versus Systemic Production of Steroids
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Conclusions Conclusions
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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References References
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14 Differential Actions of Estrogens in the Male and Female Brain: A Case for Sex-Specific Medicines
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11 Brain Aromatase and Territorial Aggression Across the Seasons in Male Song Sparrows
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Published:October 2012
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Abstract
Research on free-living songbirds has revealed novel and important insights into the various contexts in which 17β-estradiol (E2) activates aggressive behavior. In the Pacific Northwest, male song sparrows defend territories during the breeding season (when circulating testosterone levels are elevated) and during the nonbreeding season (when circulating testosterone levels are nondetectable). The ecological context of territorial aggression differs greatly across seasons, but several lines of evidence indicate that both breeding and nonbreeding aggression depend on the conversion of testosterone into E2 by aromatase. Remarkably, there appears to be a seasonal shift in the source of androgen substrate for brain aromatase: from a systemic source (the testes) in the breeding season to a local source (the brain itself) in the nonbreeding season. This seasonal shift may have evolved to reduce the exposure of peripheral tissues and other brain areas to the deleterious effects of testosterone and E2.
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