
Contents
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10.1 Introduction 10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Web ontogeny and evolution 10.2 Web ontogeny and evolution
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10.2.1 Limits of interpretations 10.2.1 Limits of interpretations
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10.2.2 A new hypothesis for ontogenic changes: consistent selection associated with smaller size 10.2.2 A new hypothesis for ontogenic changes: consistent selection associated with smaller size
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10.3 Early web evolution 10.3 Early web evolution
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10.3.1 Burrow entrances vs. egg sacs 10.3.1 Burrow entrances vs. egg sacs
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10.3.2 Interception function for earliest webs 10.3.2 Interception function for earliest webs
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10.3.3 Retention function in early webs 10.3.3 Retention function in early webs
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10.3.4 Webs without retreats in the substrate 10.3.4 Webs without retreats in the substrate
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10.3.4.1 Independence from the substrate is not a qualitative trait 10.3.4.1 Independence from the substrate is not a qualitative trait
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10.3.5 Sheets with sticky lines and tangles 10.3.5 Sheets with sticky lines and tangles
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10.3.6 Early-branching araneomorph lineages with derived webs 10.3.6 Early-branching araneomorph lineages with derived webs
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10.3.7 Spider webs and insect flight 10.3.7 Spider webs and insect flight
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10.3.8 Summary 10.3.8 Summary
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10.4 The behavior patterns used to build early webs 10.4 The behavior patterns used to build early webs
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10.4.1 Male sperm webs, burrow closures, and the origin of prey capture webs 10.4.1 Male sperm webs, burrow closures, and the origin of prey capture webs
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10.4.2 Moving upside down below silk lines 10.4.2 Moving upside down below silk lines
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10.4.3 Using legs to manipulate lines 10.4.3 Using legs to manipulate lines
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10.4.4 Managing swaths of fine lines 10.4.4 Managing swaths of fine lines
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10.4.5 Diplurid behavior: a possible guide to ancestral traits 10.4.5 Diplurid behavior: a possible guide to ancestral traits
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10.5 Evolution of later non-orb webs 10.5 Evolution of later non-orb webs
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10.5.1 Consequences of cribellum silk loss in labidognaths 10.5.1 Consequences of cribellum silk loss in labidognaths
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10.5.2 Problems categorizing web types in evolution 10.5.2 Problems categorizing web types in evolution
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10.5.3. Problems with key innovation arguments in general 10.5.3. Problems with key innovation arguments in general
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10.5.4 Silk glands and other morphological traits 10.5.4 Silk glands and other morphological traits
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10.5.5 Visibility of silk to prey 10.5.5 Visibility of silk to prey
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10.5.6 Web evolution in two small groups 10.5.6 Web evolution in two small groups
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10.5.6.1 Filistatid webs 10.5.6.1 Filistatid webs
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10.5.6.2 Interception vs. retention in oecobiid webs 10.5.6.2 Interception vs. retention in oecobiid webs
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10.6 Inconsistent evolutionary trends in non-orb webs 10.6 Inconsistent evolutionary trends in non-orb webs
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10.7 Diversity in non-orbs that results from behavioral stability 10.7 Diversity in non-orbs that results from behavioral stability
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10.8 The (probably) monophyletic origin of orb webs 10.8 The (probably) monophyletic origin of orb webs
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10.8.1 Evolutionary origins when behavior is modular 10.8.1 Evolutionary origins when behavior is modular
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10.8.2 Morphology, molecules, and behavior 10.8.2 Morphology, molecules, and behavior
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10.8.3 Fossils and possible precursor webs 10.8.3 Fossils and possible precursor webs
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10.8.4 Speculations on the origins and consequences of cut and reel behavior (and the possible role of males) 10.8.4 Speculations on the origins and consequences of cut and reel behavior (and the possible role of males)
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10.8.5 Derivation of ecribellate sticky lines from cribellate sticky lines 10.8.5 Derivation of ecribellate sticky lines from cribellate sticky lines
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10.8.6 Summary regarding orb monophyly 10.8.6 Summary regarding orb monophyly
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10.9 Evolutionary changes in orb designs 10.9 Evolutionary changes in orb designs
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10.9.1. Horizontal vs. vertical and nearly vertical orbs 10.9.1. Horizontal vs. vertical and nearly vertical orbs
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10.9.2 Small derived lineages: ladder and trunk webs 10.9.2 Small derived lineages: ladder and trunk webs
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10.9.3 Derivation of deinopid webs 10.9.3 Derivation of deinopid webs
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10.9.4 Theridiosomatids and their allies 10.9.4 Theridiosomatids and their allies
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10.9.5 The reduced webs of Hyptiotes and Miagrammopes 10.9.5 The reduced webs of Hyptiotes and Miagrammopes
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10.9.6 “Twig orbs”: an object projects through the hub 10.9.6 “Twig orbs”: an object projects through the hub
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10.10 “Post-orb” web evolution in Orbiculariae 10.10 “Post-orb” web evolution in Orbiculariae
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10.10.1 Possible derivation of other web types from orbs 10.10.1 Possible derivation of other web types from orbs
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10.10.1.1 Gumfoot webs 10.10.1.1 Gumfoot webs
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10.10.1.2 Other web types 10.10.1.2 Other web types
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10.10.2 Webs combined with prey attractants 10.10.2 Webs combined with prey attractants
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10.11 Coevolution between attack behavior and web design (and its lack) 10.11 Coevolution between attack behavior and web design (and its lack)
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10.12 What didn’t happen, possible synapomorphies for orb weavers, and further puzzles 10.12 What didn’t happen, possible synapomorphies for orb weavers, and further puzzles
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10.13 Modularity and adaptive flexibility 10.13 Modularity and adaptive flexibility
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10.13.1 Modularity is a central pattern in web construction 10.13.1 Modularity is a central pattern in web construction
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10.13.1.1 Direct observations of behavior 10.13.1.1 Direct observations of behavior
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10.13.1.2 Finished structures 10.13.1.2 Finished structures
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10.13.1.3 Ontogenetic and experimentally induced changes 10.13.1.3 Ontogenetic and experimentally induced changes
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10.13.1.4 Summary 10.13.1.4 Summary
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10.14 Modules and evolutionary transitions in web-building behavior 10.14 Modules and evolutionary transitions in web-building behavior
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10.14.1 Use of web construction behavior in taxonomy 10.14.1 Use of web construction behavior in taxonomy
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10.14.1.1 Historical successes and failures 10.14.1.1 Historical successes and failures
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10.14.1.2 Implications for orb monophyly 10.14.1.2 Implications for orb monophyly
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10.15 Summary 10.15 Summary
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10 Ontogeny, modularity, and the evolution of web building
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Published:December 2020
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Abstract
This chapter focused on the evolutionary history of web-building behavior in spiders. It continued the theme of Chapter 9 that spider webs are ancient, and that their long evolutionary history has resulted in an extensive evolutionary exploration of feasible functional designs. It began by discussing the hypothesis that a common pattern of ontogenetic change can aid in tracing evolutionary trajectories (the “biogenic law”): the pattern, in cases with sufficient data, is for the order in which web designs change as a spider matures to reflect the order in which they evolved. Web construction behavior thus often shows the same “ontogeny repeats phylogeny” pattern that is common (though by no means universal) in morphology. There are numerous exceptions in construction behavior, however, and ontogeny is only a weak indicator of evolutionary history. The biogenic trend may not derive from developmental constraints, but from uniformity in the differences between selection on larger and smaller individuals in different species.
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