In 2011 Escherichia coli O104:H4 caused an outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Although 3 of 89 pediatric patients developed CKD, the overall outcome in children is equivalent to HUS caused by other serotypes of Shiga toxin–producing E. coli.

Definitions for a 4-stage continuum of HIV care were standardized and applied to HIV surveillance and national cohort data in 11 European Union countries. These countries are nearing the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target, although reducing the proportion undiagnosed remains challenging.

Most clinicians do not adhere to IDSA guidelines, fostering overutilization of unnecessary head computed tomography (CT) scans that delay diagnosis and therapy of adults with community-acquired meningitis. Only 8 of 549 (1.5%) head CT scan results had abnormalities that affected clinical management.

Failure of oral fluid OraQuick to detect HIV-1 infection was frequent and multifactorial in origin. In longitudinal trials, negative oral fluid results should be confirmed via testing of blood samples.

We found, by using meta-analysis, empirical evidence for the effectiveness of latent tuberculosis (LTBI) treatment to prevent multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. However, we also found high treatment discontinuation rates due to adverse effects in persons taking pyrazinamide-containing MDR-LTBI regimens.

Patients with infective endocarditis (IE) caused by microorganisms originating in the oral cavity do differ from other IE patients, mainly because of different oral hygiene habits but also because of a slightly higher rate of recent dental procedures.

Fifteen virologically suppressed, HIV-1–infected patients received 4 weeks of Toll-like receptor 9 agonist treatment. During treatment, we observed elevated antiviral cytokine levels, upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, activation of innate immune cells, and plasma HIV RNA blips indicating enhanced HIV-1 transcription.

After the introduction of PCV13, the hospitalization rates of all pneumococcal pneumonia and complicated pneumonia among 8 children’s hospitals significantly decreased. PCV13 serotype pneumonia cases also decreased; however, they continued to cause a significant proportion of pneumococcal pneumonia in 2011–2014.

Routine universal anorectal chlamydia and gonorrhea screening is highly acceptable. Self-reported anal sex or symptoms (indication) are predictors for anorectal gonorrhea. Prevalence of anorectal chlamydia is 13%–14% regardless of indication for testing; 20%–40% of anorectal chlamydia infections are anorectal only.

Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates for HIV/hepatitis C virus–coinfected individuals were similarly high among African Americans and non–African Americans, even with efavirenz-based therapy. Renal function did not worsen on ledipasvir/sofosbuvir regimens with tenofovir. Proton pump inhibitor use did not impact SVR. In intent-to-treat analysis, cirrhosis predicted treatment failure.

Focusing on patients most at risk of virologic failure improves the efficiency of viral load monitoring, most prominently in high-resource settings. In Uganda, monitoring every 12 months is the next most efficient monitoring policy if an adaptive policy is unavailable.

In critically ill patients with sepsis the addition of short-course gentamicin to the initial empirical treatment was associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury but not with faster reversal of shock or improved mortality.

A resident of interior Alaska, was diagnosed with an Orthopoxvirus infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed it is a novel, previously undescribed Orthopoxvirus species. Phylogenetically, the virus is sister to recognized Old World orthopoxviruses, rather than North American Orthopoxvirus species.

Rate of failure among 462 patients with streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection managed with implant retention was 42.1% (95% confidence interval, 37.5%–46.7%). Treatment with β-lactams was confirmed to improve the prognosis, which could be improved by the addition of rifampin.

Bloodstream infection (BSI) due vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is an important complication of hematologic malignancy. Better methods of predicting when to use empiric anti-VRE antibiotics are needed in the face of rising resistance. We derived a prediction score based on risk factors for VRE BSI to assist in empiric anti-VRE antibiotic selection.

This study represents a novel observational endeavor utilizing a population-based patient registry linked with geographically mapped viral surveillance data to assess the impact of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on severe infective pulmonary exacerbations in children and adults with cystic fibrosis.

The Burroughs Wellcome Fund/American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene postdoctoral fellowship program was evaluated by several metrics. Awardees have won grants, authored peer-reviewed publications, and achieved faculty status. The program’s overall return on investment was judged to be 11.9.

Serology provided a more detailed evaluation of exposure to seasonal influenza virus. Vaccine efficacy was similar when measured for polymerase chain reaction–confirmed influenza illness (PCR-CI) or serologically diagnosed influenza infection (SDI) in pregnant women; however, vaccination prevented a greater number of SDIs than PCR-CIs.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control (IPC) are key to prevent hospital-acquired infections and stop the spread of AMR within healthcare facilities.