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JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A10 - General

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

A14 - Sociology of Economics

B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B0 - General

B00 - General

B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925

B15 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary

B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925

B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian

B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals

B31 - Individuals

B4 - Economic Methodology

B41 - Economic Methodology

B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches

B50 - General

B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian

B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary

B54 - Feminist Economics

B55 - Social Economics

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C10 - General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities

C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C30 - General

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C67 - Input-Output Models

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D2 - Production and Organizations

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D25 - Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D33 - Factor Income Distribution

D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

D40 - General

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D53 - Financial Markets

D57 - Input-Output Tables and Analysis

D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models

D6 - Welfare Economics

D60 - General

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E0 - General

E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts

E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy

E1 - General Aggregative Models

E10 - General

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems

E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E50 - General

E52 - Monetary Policy

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

E59 - Other

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E60 - General

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

E62 - Fiscal Policy

E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy

E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy

E66 - General Outlook and Conditions

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F01 - Global Outlook

F02 - International Economic Order and Integration

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions

F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation

F18 - Trade and Environment

F19 - Other

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F20 - General

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F24 - Remittances

F3 - International Finance

F30 - General

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F50 - General

F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements

F59 - Other

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F60 - General

F61 - Microeconomic Impacts

F62 - Macroeconomic Impacts

F63 - Economic Development

F65 - Finance

F66 - Labor

F68 - Policy

F69 - Other

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G01 - Financial Crises

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions

G15 - International Financial Markets

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G30 - General

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

H - Public Economics

H0 - General

H00 - General

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H12 - Crisis Management

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H31 - Household

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General

H41 - Public Goods

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H50 - General

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects

H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I0 - General

I00 - General

I1 - Health

I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets

I14 - Health and Inequality

I15 - Health and Economic Development

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions

I25 - Education and Economic Development

I28 - Government Policy

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

I31 - General Welfare

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J00 - General

J01 - Labor Economics: General

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General

J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

J18 - Public Policy

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J20 - General

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J23 - Labor Demand

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J30 - General

J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

J46 - Informal Labor Markets

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J50 - General

J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining

J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence

J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership

J58 - Public Policy

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J60 - General

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

J68 - Public Policy

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J80 - General

J81 - Working Conditions

J83 - Workers' Rights

J88 - Public Policy

K - Law and Economics

K0 - General

K00 - General

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K20 - General

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K30 - General

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K39 - Other

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure

L23 - Organization of Production

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L38 - Public Policy

L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

L53 - Enterprise Policy

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L60 - General

L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics

L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Related Parts and Equipment

L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments

L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology

L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services

L85 - Real Estate Services

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation

L94 - Electric Utilities

L96 - Telecommunications

L98 - Government Policy

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M1 - Business Administration

M11 - Production Management

M13 - New Firms; Startups

M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility

M15 - IT Management

M2 - Business Economics

M21 - Business Economics

M4 - Accounting and Auditing

M48 - Government Policy and Regulation

M5 - Personnel Economics

M54 - Labor Management

M55 - Labor Contracting Devices

N - Economic History

N0 - General

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative

N15 - Asia including Middle East

N17 - Africa; Oceania

N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

N20 - General, International, or Comparative

N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N23 - Europe: Pre-1913

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

N36 - Latin America; Caribbean

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N54 - Europe: 1913-

N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

N67 - Africa; Oceania

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N70 - General, International, or Comparative

N9 - Regional and Urban History

N90 - General, International, or Comparative

N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N94 - Europe: 1913-

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O10 - General

O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O20 - General

O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy

O22 - Project Analysis

O25 - Industrial Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O30 - General

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O35 - Social Innovation

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General

O43 - Institutions and Growth

O44 - Environment and Growth

O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O51 - U.S.; Canada

O52 - Europe

O53 - Asia including Middle East

O54 - Latin America; Caribbean

O55 - Africa

O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P - Economic Systems

P0 - General

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P10 - General

P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

P12 - Capitalist Enterprises

P14 - Property Rights

P16 - Political Economy

P18 - Energy: Environment

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population

P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P36 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems

P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q00 - General

Q01 - Sustainable Development

Q1 - Agriculture

Q10 - General

Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness

Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment

Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy

Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

Q21 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q35 - Hydrocarbon Resources

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General

Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy

Q48 - Government Policy

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q55 - Technological Innovation

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology

Q58 - Government Policy

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R0 - General

R00 - General

R1 - General Regional Economics

R10 - General

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

R14 - Land Use Patterns

R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models

R19 - Other

R2 - Household Analysis

R20 - General

R21 - Housing Demand

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R28 - Government Policy

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R30 - General

R31 - Housing Supply and Markets

R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis

R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

R38 - Government Policy

R39 - Other

R4 - Transportation Economics

R40 - General

R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R50 - General

R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock

R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy

R59 - Other

Z - Other Special Topics

Z0 - General

Z00 - General

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z10 - General

Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

Z18 - Public Policy

Z2 - Sports Economics

Z28 - Policy

Z3 - Tourism Economics

Z32 - Tourism and Development

Z38 - Policy

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Journal Article

Demography and income in the 21st century: a long-run perspective

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Steven Brakman and others

Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Volume 18, Issue 1, March 2025, Pages 25–40, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae040

Published: 13 December 2024

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