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this project originated about ten years ago, when I was introduced to the debate on Eurocentrism while pursuing my Ph.D. Contrary to the standard view that modernity emerged in Europe in early modern times (c. 1500–1800) and then spread to the rest of the world in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, anti-Eurocentric historiography postulated that in Asia—and China in particular—modernity flowered independently in the sixteenth through the eighteenth century, with robust commercial growth and political centralization that paralleled, and perhaps dwarfed, Europe’s. The literature on this topic portrays the current rise of China as a resurgence of its political and economic vitality in the Ming-Qing period. The pervasiveness of this intellectual current notwithstanding, it has been until now not much more than a celebration of China’s early modern might and has focused more on macrostructures than on human actions. Like social historians intrigued by how ordinary people reacted to the sweeping economic and political changes in early modern Europe, as well as social scientists concerned about the growing conflicts unleashed by the current Chinese economic miracle, I am curious about the ways in which the subjects of the Chinese empire lived through and responded to the rise of early modernity. How were their responses different from the responses of their counterparts in early modern Europe? Did these responses constitute a lasting pattern of action that continued into the twentieth century and beyond? These are the questions that this study, which focuses on popular protest in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, sets out to answer.
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