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In the early years of the twentieth century, there was little connection between Wall Street and academia. Most of the prominent financiers had not bothered with higher education at all, and those who did—like Pierpont Morgan and Paul Warburg—received a classical education at a university and then followed that up with an apprenticeship at a bank, where they picked up practical knowledge on the job. During the course of that century, however, university-affiliated business schools grew in number and prominence, especially as their focus expanded from vocational undergraduate programs to respectable graduate schools at leading universities.
As the schools gained acceptance in the business world, many of their star professors led dual professional lives, splitting their time between the academy and industry, sometimes with profound effects. In particular, the field of finance has been inalterably shaped by three men whose careers encompassed both the classroom and the real world: Georges Doriot of Harvard, who formed and managed the first venture capital firm; Benjamin Graham of Columbia, who wrote the book on security analysis; and Myron Scholes, who variously taught at the University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford, and laid much of the foundation for the growth of the derivatives markets.
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