The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law
The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law
Marc Weller is Professor of International Law and International Constitutional Studies at the University of Cambridge and was the Director of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law. He also served as Senior Mediation Expert in the UN Secretariat and as legal advisor in a range of international peace negotiations. He is the editor of The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2015).
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Abstract
This Oxford Handbook is a comprehensive and authoritative study of the modern law on the use of force. Over 50 experts in the field offer a detailed analysis, and to an extent a restatement, of the law in this area. The Handbook reviews the status of the law on the use of force and assesses what changes, if any, have occurred as a result of recent developments. It offers cutting-edge and up-to-date scholarship on all major aspects of the prohibition of the use of force. Part I reviews the history of the subject and its recent challenges, and addresses the major conceptual approaches. Part II covers collective security, in particular the law and practice of the UN organs, and of regional organizations and arrangements. Part III considers the substance of the prohibition of the use of force and the right to self-defence and associated doctrines. Part IV is devoted to armed action undertaken on behalf of peoples and populations, including self-determination conflicts, resistance to armed occupation, and forcible humanitarian and pro-democratic action. The possibility of the revival of classical, expansive justifications for the use of force is addressed in Part V, followed by Part VI which considers new security challenges and the emerging law in relation to them. Part VII ties the key arguments developed in the book into a substantive conclusion. The Handbook is essential reading for scholars and students of international law and the use of force, and legal advisers to both governments and NGOs.
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Front Matter
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Part I Introduction
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Introduction: International Law and the Problem of War
Marc Weller
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1
Too Much History: From War as Sanction to the Sanctioning of War
Randall Lesaffer
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2
Law of Nations or Perpetual Peace? Two Early International Theories on the Use of Force
Daniele Archibugi and others
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3
The Limitations of Traditional Rules and Institutions Relating to the Use of Force
Michael Glennon
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4
The Continued Relevance of Established Rules and Institutions Relating to the Use of Force
James Crawford andRowan Nicholson
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5
Feminist Perspectives on the Law on the Use of Force
Gina Heathcote
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6
The Collective Security System and the Enforcement of International Law
Jean d'Aspremont
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7
Changing Jus Cogens Through State Practice? The Case of the Prohibition of the Use of Force and its Exceptions
Alexander Orakhelashvili
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Introduction: International Law and the Problem of War
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Part II Collective Security and the Non-Use of Force
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8
Reconfiguring the Un System of Collective Security
Niels Blokker
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9
Outsourcing the Use of Force: Towards More Security Council Control of Authorized Operations?
Niels Blokker
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10
When the Security Council is Divided: Imprecise Authorizations, Implied Mandates, and the ‘Unreasonable Veto’
Ian Johnstone
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11
United Nations Security Council Practice in Relation to Use of Force in No-Fly Zones and Maritime Exclusion Zones
Rob McLaughlin
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12
Military Sanctions Enforcement in the Absence of Express Authorization?
Penelope Nevill
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13
The Relationship between the Un Security Council and General Assembly in Matters of International Peace and Security
Nigel D. White
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14
Regional Organizations and Arrangements: Authorization, Ratification, or Independent Action
Erika De Wet
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15
Use of Force: Justiciability and Admissibility
Mark Weisburd
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16
The Use of Force in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
Scott Sheeran
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17
Mandated to Protect: Security Council Practice on the Protection of Civilians
Haidi Willmot andRalph Mamiya
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18
Self-Defence, Protection of Humanitarian Values, and the Doctrine of Impartiality and Neutrality in Enforcement Mandates
Nicholas Tsagourias
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19
Transparency, Accountability, and Responsibility for Internationally Mandated Operations
Charlotte Ku
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20
‘Failures to Protect’ in International Law
André Nollkaemper
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8
Reconfiguring the Un System of Collective Security
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Part III The Prohibition of the Use of Force, Self-Defence, and Other Concepts
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21
The Ban on the Use of Force in the UN Charter
Nico Schrijver
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22
Intervention, Armed Intervention, Armed Attack, Threat to Peace, Act of Aggression, and Threat or Use of Force: What’s the Difference?
Jan Klabbers
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23
The Prohibition of the Use of Force and Non-Intervention: Ambition and Practice in the Oas Region
Jean Michel Arrighi
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24
The Crime of Aggression at the International Criminal Court
Sean D. Murphy
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25
The International Court of Justice and the ‘Principle of Non-Use of Force’
Claus Kreß
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26
The Prohibition of the Use of Force in Arbitrations and Fact-Finding Reports
Vaios Koutroulis
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27
The Resilience of the Restrictive Rules on Self-Defence
Joerg Kammerhofer
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28
Self-Defence and Collective Security: Key Distinctions
Sir Michael Wood
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29
Taming the Doctrine of Pre-Emption
Ashley Deeks
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30
Can Non-State Actors Mount an Armed Attack?
Kimberley N. Trapp
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31
The Problem of Imminence in an Uncertain World
Noam Lubell
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32
Action Against Host States of Terrorist Groups
Lindsay Moir
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33
When Does Self-Defence End?
Terry Gill
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34
Theatre of Operations
Jean Christophe Martin
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21
The Ban on the Use of Force in the UN Charter
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Part IV Action on Behalf of Peoples and Populations
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Part V Revival of Classical Concepts?
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39
Necessity
Olivier Corten
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40
Retaliation and Reprisal
Shane Darcy
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41
Hot Pursuit
Bill Gilmore
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42
The Threat of the Use of Force and Ultimata
Anne Lagerwall andFrançois Dubuisson
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43
Blockades and Interdictions
Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg
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44
Rescuing Nationals Abroad
Mathias Forteau
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45
Peace Settlements and the Prohibition of the Use of Force
Martin Wählisch
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46
The Effects of a State of War or Armed Conflict
Marina Mancini
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39
Necessity
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Part VI Emerging Areas?
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47
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Shipping Interdiction
Guglielmo Verdirame andVasco Becker Weinberg
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48
The Implications of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction for the Prohibition of the Use of Force
Daniel Joyner
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49
The Use of Force Against Pirates
Douglas Guilfoyle
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50
The Changing Environment and Emerging Resource Conflicts
Marco Pertile
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51
Remotely Piloted Warfare as a Challenge to the Jus Ad Bellum
Jordan Paust
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52
The Use of Cyber Force and International Law
Michael N. Schmitt
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53
Private Military Companies and the Jus Ad Bellum
Ian Ralby
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47
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Shipping Interdiction
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Part VII General Problems
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54
Jus Cogens and the Use of Armed Force
Andre de Hoogh
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55
The Principle of Proportionality from a Jus Ad Bellum Perspective
Theodora Christodoulidou andKalliopi Chainoglou
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56
The Relationship between Jus Ad Bellum and Jus In Bello
Okimoto Keichiro
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57
Consequences for Third States as a Result of an Unlawful Use of Force
Paolo Palchetti
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54
Jus Cogens and the Use of Armed Force
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End Matter
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October 2023 | 34 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 9 |
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October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 13 |
October 2023 | 16 |
October 2023 | 53 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 14 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 5 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 44 |
October 2023 | 18 |
October 2023 | 5 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 21 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 21 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 8 |
October 2023 | 12 |
October 2023 | 8 |
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October 2023 | 55 |
October 2023 | 19 |
October 2023 | 90 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 11 |
October 2023 | 23 |
October 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 14 |
October 2023 | 11 |
October 2023 | 12 |
October 2023 | 9 |
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October 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 17 |
October 2023 | 8 |
October 2023 | 3 |
October 2023 | 8 |
October 2023 | 54 |
October 2023 | 39 |
October 2023 | 2 |
October 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 18 |
October 2023 | 20 |
November 2023 | 38 |
November 2023 | 8 |
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November 2023 | 7 |
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November 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 6 |
November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 16 |
November 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 1 |
November 2023 | 11 |
November 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 11 |
November 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 15 |
November 2023 | 7 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 9 |
November 2023 | 2 |
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November 2023 | 18 |
November 2023 | 18 |
November 2023 | 6 |
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November 2023 | 72 |
November 2023 | 18 |
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November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 18 |
November 2023 | 6 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 173 |
November 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 10 |
November 2023 | 1 |
November 2023 | 48 |
November 2023 | 11 |
November 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 6 |
November 2023 | 5 |
November 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 11 |
November 2023 | 20 |
November 2023 | 2 |
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November 2023 | 9 |
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November 2023 | 5 |
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December 2023 | 26 |
December 2023 | 10 |
December 2023 | 16 |
December 2023 | 19 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 12 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 17 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 21 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 10 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 15 |
December 2023 | 24 |
December 2023 | 13 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 62 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 9 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 16 |
December 2023 | 18 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 6 |
December 2023 | 8 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 12 |
December 2023 | 22 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 16 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 7 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 27 |
December 2023 | 5 |
December 2023 | 14 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 2 |
December 2023 | 7 |
December 2023 | 1 |
December 2023 | 4 |
December 2023 | 15 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 13 |
December 2023 | 3 |
December 2023 | 2 |
January 2024 | 2 |
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January 2024 | 2 |
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January 2024 | 33 |
January 2024 | 18 |
January 2024 | 17 |
January 2024 | 9 |
January 2024 | 2 |
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January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 3 |
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January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 18 |
January 2024 | 2 |
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January 2024 | 29 |
January 2024 | 9 |
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January 2024 | 17 |
January 2024 | 11 |
January 2024 | 26 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 2 |
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January 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 11 |
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January 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 9 |
January 2024 | 15 |
January 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 9 |
January 2024 | 3 |
January 2024 | 11 |
January 2024 | 43 |
January 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 2 |
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January 2024 | 3 |
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January 2024 | 20 |
January 2024 | 5 |
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January 2024 | 19 |
January 2024 | 2 |
January 2024 | 14 |
January 2024 | 7 |
January 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 13 |
January 2024 | 3 |
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January 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 20 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 15 |
February 2024 | 19 |
February 2024 | 65 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 18 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 3 |
February 2024 | 53 |
February 2024 | 12 |
February 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 24 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 32 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 18 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 12 |
February 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 19 |
February 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 52 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 30 |
February 2024 | 11 |
February 2024 | 93 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 17 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 20 |
February 2024 | 50 |
February 2024 | 3 |
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February 2024 | 14 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 19 |
February 2024 | 3 |
February 2024 | 15 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 10 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 3 |
February 2024 | 72 |
February 2024 | 1 |
February 2024 | 6 |
February 2024 | 14 |
February 2024 | 33 |
February 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 7 |
February 2024 | 8 |
March 2024 | 4 |
March 2024 | 6 |
March 2024 | 1 |
March 2024 | 10 |
March 2024 | 19 |
March 2024 | 37 |
March 2024 | 4 |
March 2024 | 79 |
March 2024 | 19 |
March 2024 | 13 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 13 |
March 2024 | 17 |
March 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 20 |
March 2024 | 2 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 26 |
March 2024 | 4 |
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March 2024 | 4 |
March 2024 | 11 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 6 |
March 2024 | 12 |
March 2024 | 12 |
March 2024 | 1 |
March 2024 | 50 |
March 2024 | 25 |
March 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 19 |
March 2024 | 8 |
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March 2024 | 29 |
March 2024 | 12 |
March 2024 | 9 |
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March 2024 | 6 |
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March 2024 | 17 |
March 2024 | 4 |
March 2024 | 18 |
March 2024 | 31 |
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March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 7 |
March 2024 | 27 |
March 2024 | 12 |
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March 2024 | 3 |
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April 2024 | 9 |
April 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 5 |
April 2024 | 26 |
April 2024 | 20 |
April 2024 | 2 |
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April 2024 | 9 |
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April 2024 | 39 |
April 2024 | 29 |
April 2024 | 16 |
April 2024 | 7 |
April 2024 | 6 |
April 2024 | 17 |
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April 2024 | 25 |
April 2024 | 17 |
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April 2024 | 11 |
April 2024 | 15 |
April 2024 | 6 |
April 2024 | 23 |
April 2024 | 11 |
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April 2024 | 108 |
April 2024 | 4 |
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April 2024 | 34 |
April 2024 | 28 |
April 2024 | 13 |
April 2024 | 37 |
April 2024 | 24 |
April 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 8 |
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April 2024 | 10 |
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April 2024 | 51 |
April 2024 | 12 |
April 2024 | 25 |
April 2024 | 21 |
April 2024 | 12 |
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April 2024 | 23 |
April 2024 | 6 |
April 2024 | 47 |
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April 2024 | 33 |
April 2024 | 11 |
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April 2024 | 37 |
April 2024 | 19 |
April 2024 | 66 |
April 2024 | 21 |
April 2024 | 2 |
April 2024 | 13 |
April 2024 | 51 |
April 2024 | 5 |
April 2024 | 44 |
April 2024 | 15 |
May 2024 | 25 |
May 2024 | 4 |
May 2024 | 27 |
May 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 6 |
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May 2024 | 42 |
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May 2024 | 3 |
May 2024 | 8 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 2 |
May 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 15 |
May 2024 | 23 |
May 2024 | 29 |
May 2024 | 3 |
May 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 33 |
May 2024 | 9 |
May 2024 | 14 |
May 2024 | 12 |
May 2024 | 3 |
May 2024 | 2 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 19 |
May 2024 | 14 |
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May 2024 | 2 |
May 2024 | 55 |
May 2024 | 7 |
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May 2024 | 4 |
May 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 3 |
May 2024 | 9 |
May 2024 | 5 |
May 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 20 |
May 2024 | 10 |
May 2024 | 38 |
May 2024 | 18 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 13 |
May 2024 | 19 |
May 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 2 |
May 2024 | 19 |
May 2024 | 35 |
June 2024 | 1 |
June 2024 | 11 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 1 |
June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 15 |
June 2024 | 25 |
June 2024 | 20 |
June 2024 | 12 |
June 2024 | 1 |
June 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 12 |
June 2024 | 2 |
June 2024 | 14 |
June 2024 | 2 |
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June 2024 | 18 |
June 2024 | 4 |
June 2024 | 12 |
June 2024 | 1 |
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June 2024 | 27 |
June 2024 | 28 |
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June 2024 | 1 |
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June 2024 | 9 |
June 2024 | 2 |
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June 2024 | 19 |
June 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 13 |
June 2024 | 1 |
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June 2024 | 7 |
June 2024 | 2 |
June 2024 | 12 |
June 2024 | 18 |
June 2024 | 7 |
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June 2024 | 11 |
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June 2024 | 5 |
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June 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 2 |
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July 2024 | 6 |
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July 2024 | 7 |
July 2024 | 9 |
July 2024 | 1 |
July 2024 | 6 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 1 |
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July 2024 | 248 |
July 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 10 |
July 2024 | 1 |
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July 2024 | 2 |
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July 2024 | 10 |
July 2024 | 9 |
July 2024 | 9 |
July 2024 | 19 |
July 2024 | 1 |
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July 2024 | 14 |
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July 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 1 |
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July 2024 | 12 |
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July 2024 | 11 |
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August 2024 | 12 |
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September 2024 | 6 |
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September 2024 | 11 |
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September 2024 | 50 |
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September 2024 | 11 |
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September 2024 | 60 |
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September 2024 | 7 |
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September 2024 | 36 |
September 2024 | 20 |
September 2024 | 11 |
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September 2024 | 7 |
September 2024 | 23 |
September 2024 | 9 |
September 2024 | 15 |
September 2024 | 10 |
September 2024 | 18 |
September 2024 | 1 |
September 2024 | 10 |
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September 2024 | 29 |
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January 2025 | 14 |
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January 2025 | 11 |
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January 2025 | 2 |
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February 2025 | 159 |
February 2025 | 11 |
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February 2025 | 12 |
February 2025 | 48 |
February 2025 | 96 |
February 2025 | 20 |
February 2025 | 12 |
February 2025 | 33 |
February 2025 | 21 |
February 2025 | 14 |
February 2025 | 15 |
February 2025 | 25 |
February 2025 | 16 |
February 2025 | 10 |
February 2025 | 4 |
February 2025 | 8 |
February 2025 | 38 |
February 2025 | 27 |
February 2025 | 10 |
February 2025 | 11 |
February 2025 | 9 |
February 2025 | 11 |
February 2025 | 25 |
February 2025 | 17 |
February 2025 | 14 |
February 2025 | 12 |
February 2025 | 9 |
February 2025 | 103 |
February 2025 | 42 |
February 2025 | 26 |
February 2025 | 17 |
February 2025 | 21 |
February 2025 | 15 |
February 2025 | 9 |
February 2025 | 20 |
February 2025 | 14 |
February 2025 | 93 |
February 2025 | 10 |
February 2025 | 11 |
February 2025 | 75 |
February 2025 | 30 |
February 2025 | 22 |
February 2025 | 17 |
February 2025 | 12 |
February 2025 | 39 |
February 2025 | 99 |
February 2025 | 13 |
February 2025 | 10 |
February 2025 | 23 |
February 2025 | 22 |
February 2025 | 11 |
February 2025 | 20 |
February 2025 | 25 |
February 2025 | 55 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 47 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 14 |
March 2025 | 50 |
March 2025 | 27 |
March 2025 | 31 |
March 2025 | 3 |
March 2025 | 14 |
March 2025 | 19 |
March 2025 | 15 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 46 |
March 2025 | 9 |
March 2025 | 19 |
March 2025 | 23 |
March 2025 | 13 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 17 |
March 2025 | 10 |
March 2025 | 27 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 19 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 11 |
March 2025 | 78 |
March 2025 | 53 |
March 2025 | 8 |
March 2025 | 11 |
March 2025 | 46 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 15 |
March 2025 | 30 |
March 2025 | 18 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 24 |
March 2025 | 33 |
March 2025 | 14 |
March 2025 | 7 |
March 2025 | 26 |
March 2025 | 36 |
March 2025 | 30 |
March 2025 | 2 |
March 2025 | 13 |
March 2025 | 78 |
March 2025 | 29 |
March 2025 | 16 |
March 2025 | 8 |
March 2025 | 27 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 21 |
March 2025 | 13 |
March 2025 | 5 |
March 2025 | 4 |
March 2025 | 13 |
March 2025 | 6 |
March 2025 | 1 |
March 2025 | 40 |
March 2025 | 54 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 10 |
April 2025 | 126 |
April 2025 | 18 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 21 |
April 2025 | 12 |
April 2025 | 9 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 5 |
April 2025 | 1 |
April 2025 | 54 |
April 2025 | 35 |
April 2025 | 18 |
April 2025 | 11 |
April 2025 | 20 |
April 2025 | 19 |
April 2025 | 31 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 1 |
April 2025 | 31 |
April 2025 | 18 |
April 2025 | 10 |
April 2025 | 22 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 10 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 16 |
April 2025 | 32 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 24 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 63 |
April 2025 | 22 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 18 |
April 2025 | 17 |
April 2025 | 32 |
April 2025 | 20 |
April 2025 | 12 |
April 2025 | 1 |
April 2025 | 72 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 6 |
April 2025 | 4 |
April 2025 | 8 |
April 2025 | 34 |
April 2025 | 8 |
April 2025 | 7 |
April 2025 | 47 |
April 2025 | 12 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 29 |
April 2025 | 2 |
April 2025 | 12 |
April 2025 | 26 |
April 2025 | 8 |
April 2025 | 67 |
April 2025 | 22 |
April 2025 | 5 |
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