
Contents
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11.1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction
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11.1.1 Fronting of /u/ 11.1.1 Fronting of /u/
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11.1.2 Retroflexion of /r/ 11.1.2 Retroflexion of /r/
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11.1.3 Lowering of short front vowels 11.1.3 Lowering of short front vowels
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11.1.4 Vowel length 11.1.4 Vowel length
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11.2 Belfast 11.2 Belfast
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11.2.1 Sources of Belfast English 11.2.1 Sources of Belfast English
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11.2.1.1 Early Belfast English 11.2.1.1 Early Belfast English
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11.2.2 Belfast English and social networks 11.2.2 Belfast English and social networks
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11.2.2.1 The Belfast investigations 11.2.2.1 The Belfast investigations
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11.2.2.1.1 Correlates of community structure 11.2.2.1.1 Correlates of community structure
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11.2.2.1.2 Beyond Belfast 11.2.2.1.2 Beyond Belfast
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11.2.2.1.3 Diffusion of change and network markers 11.2.2.1.3 Diffusion of change and network markers
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11.2.2.1.4 The course and nature of language change 11.2.2.1.4 The course and nature of language change
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11.2.3 Wider implications of the Milroy studies 11.2.3 Wider implications of the Milroy studies
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11.2.3.1 The nature of mergers 11.2.3.1 The nature of mergers
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11.2.3.2 Standard versus vernacular 11.2.3.2 Standard versus vernacular
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11.2.3.3 What is prestige? 11.2.3.3 What is prestige?
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11.2.3.4 The nature of the vernacular 11.2.3.4 The nature of the vernacular
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11.2.3.5 Gender and networks 11.2.3.5 Gender and networks
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11.2.3.6 Language attitudes 11.2.3.6 Language attitudes
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11.3 English in Derry 11.3 English in Derry
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11.3.1 Changes according to ethnicity 11.3.1 Changes according to ethnicity
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11.4 English in Coleraine 11.4 English in Coleraine
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11.5 Conclusion 11.5 Conclusion
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References References
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11 Urban English in Northern Ireland
Get accessRaymond Hickey is Adjunct Professor at the University of Limerick and former Professor of General Linguistics at the University of Duisburg-Essen. His research centres around varieties of English, especially Irish English, eighteenth-century English, and issues of standardization of English, language contact, and areal linguistics, as well as sociolinguistic variation and change. Among his recent book publications are Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English (Cambridge University Press, 2017), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (Cambridge University Press, 2017), English in the German-Speaking World (Cambridge University Press, 2020), English in Multilingual South Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2020), Handbook of Language Contact (Wiley, 2020), and Sounds of English World-Wide (Wiley-Blackwell, 2023). He is also general editor of the New Cambridge History of the English Language.
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Published:18 December 2023
Cite
Abstract
This chapter examines English as spoken in three main urban centres of Northern Ireland—Belfast, Derry, and Coleraine. The description and analysis of Belfast English begins with the nineteenth-century commentaries on vocabulary in the city, before moving forward to the social network studies carried out by James and Lesley Milroy in the 1970s and early 1980s. The insights of these seminal studies are discussed, including what they tell us about English in Northern Ireland as a whole. English in Derry contrasts with Belfast in a number of ways, not least in how it reacts to influence from the larger city and how some small but not insignificant differences in language use align along ethnic lines, correlating with Catholic or Protestant usage. English in Coleraine is also considered as an urban centre in which key linguistic variables, like (t), vary in their gender-specific realizations.
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