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1.2 Dyslipidaemia
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Published:April 2019
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This version:July 2020
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Abstract
Lipid metabolism has gained cardiological interest only after statins were demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular disease in secondary and primary prevention. Therefore, this chapter first introduces the physiological and atherogenic properties of lipoproteins, before focusing on interventions. Both the efficacy and safety of statins have been proven in numerous randomized clinical trials. Because there is a considerable residual risk in statin-treated patients, additional approaches have been investigated. The focus is now on further reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. First, high-intensity statin regimens were shown to reduce residual risk. Subsequently, ezetimibe was demonstrated, for the first time, to have a beneficial effect as a non-statin lipid intervention. More recently, inhibitors of the enzyme PCSK9 have demonstrated a very high efficacy in reducing LDL cholesterol levels. Although the causality of LDL for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been proven in epidemiological studies, including Mendelian randomization studies, as well as interventional trials, adherence to statins and other therapies is far from optimal. In contrast, interventions to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels could not proven to have further benefits when combined with statins.
Update:
Tables 1.2.3 and 1.2.4 extensively updated, in line with the latest ESC Guidelines
Figure 1.2.3 updated
References updated throughout
Section on ...More
Update:
Tables 1.2.3 and 1.2.4 extensively updated, in line with the latest ESC Guidelines
Figure 1.2.3 updated
References updated throughout
Section on PCSK9 inhibitors updated
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