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While the evolution of knowledge in the field of thrombosis and antithrombotic therapies began quite slowly centuries ago, it has dramatically accelerated in recent decades. Many early key scientific findings in atherosclerosis, vascular biology, thrombosis, and focused therapeutics were made by European physicians and scientists. As but a few historic examples, in the mid-19th century the investigations of Rudolf Virchow (Germany) and Jean Cruveilhier (France) led to a now classic description of the prothrombotic triad—vascular injury, abnormal blood flow, and heightened coagulability. Later in the 19th century, the earliest recognized anticoagulant was suspected to be in the (leech) saliva of Hirudo medicinalis and was termed ‘hirudine’ by John Haycraft (UK), and acetylsalicylic acid was formulated by Felix Hoffman (Germany). This evolution in the understanding of thrombotic pathways, the discovery of novel therapeutic targets, and the clinical testing and application of new treatments continue aggressively in the present day. This has obligated clinical practice guidelines to be revised frequently by cardiac societies in order to keep pace with these exciting and progressive advancements.
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