Abstract
Lifestyle and diet modification are the forefront in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD), however, there is no data whether they may stop progression of atheroslcerosis. Some coronary plaque characteristics are known to increase the risk of future cardiovascular events independently of coronary stenosis severity. These plaques are characterized by the presence of lipids and necrotic elements, and can be identified with coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA).
To study the effect of intensive dietary intervention on changes in atherosclerotic plaque volume and composition.
We enrolled 89 patients (41% women, mean age 60±7.7 years) with nonobstructive coronary lesions (<70% stenosis) identified by CTA (2x192-multislice scanner, temporal resolution 66 ms), qualified to medical treatment. All participants were subjected to optimal medical therapy (OMT). Patients were randomised (1:1) to either A) OMT with regular follow-up (after 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) by a dietitian to stick to Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) model, or B) routine management, ie. OMT alone. CTA was repeated in all patients after the mean time of 66.9±13.7 weeks. An experienced observer blinded to the allocated treatment group and other clinical data evaluated all of the scans. The outcome was change in total plaque volume, percent plaque volume and plaque composition, assessed with a dedicated software system. Based on tissue attenuation ranges in Hounsfield units (HU), the following components of atheroma were distinguished: dense calcium (>351 HU), fibrous plaque (151 to 350 HU), and fibrofatty plaque plus necrotic core (−100 to 150 HU), regarded as the vulnerable plaque component.
Total plaque volume did not change significantly in any group (p=0.41; Figure 1A). Percent atheroma volume increased in the control arm vs. no significant change in the experimental arm, with no significant intergroup difference (p=0.79; Figure 1B). Vulnerable plaque component decreased in both subgroups, by 52.9±82.2 mm3 in the experimental vs. 20.8±58.5 mm3 in the control arm, and there was a significant difference in the reductions between the groups (p=0.04; Figure 1C). Fibrous plaque volume and dense calcium volume did not change significantly in any group (+9.5±117.8 mm3 in the experimental vs. +7.6±92.1 mm3 in the control arm, p=0.93, and +33±68.9 mm3 vs. +30.2±52.5 mm3, p=0.78, respectively).
Intensive diet intervention atop OMT can stop the progression of atherosclerosis and lead to a significant reduction in vulnerable plaque component compared to OMT alone.
Figure 1
Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw, Poland
