The Portuguese observatory on occupational psychosocial factors: contribution for public health

Abstract   To achieve the goal of sustainable employment, considering the profile of the Portuguese working population (PWP), is needed a range of strategies to ensure long, productive, and sustainable careers allied with a better quality of working life, health, and wellbeing, but also with public health policies grounded on scientifically validated and reliable data. This is possible through a comprehensive working system approach that ensures workers will be mentally and physically able to remain at work by the balance between work demands and individual resources allied with public health policies transfer into the workplaces by organizations’ leadership and policy makers. The Portuguese Observatory on Occupational Factors (Popsy@Work) aims at addressing this global challenge by: i) digitally collecting psychosocial data on the PWP; ii) implementing and strengthening of a psychosocial occupational health surveillance digital system; iii) providing reference values for the PWP concerning Psychosocial Health; iv) Transferring to society knowledge and best practices; v) Raising awareness on the importance of psychosocial management in occupational settings based on science. Popsy@work is a digital platform that collects and aggregates psychosocial data analytically and creates a visualization hub adding value to data on the PWP and giving science back to society in a usable way, empowering workers, strengthening organizations and grounding public policies. Pospy@Work considers the development of strategic intelligence on levels and inequalities of psychosocial health and well-being in occupational settings by robust metrics and reference data. Creating opportunities for national policy dialogue on inequalities, including the psychosocial health of the PWP through collaboration with diverse sectors identifying and mapping subgroups of populations whose unmet needs require specific outreach measures. Key messages Popsy@work allows psychosocial health monitoring, reporting and foresight, promoting the provision of robust metrics and reference values for the Portuguese working population. Popsy@work allows psychosocial health on occupational settings to be digitally monitored in a continuous way and sustain public health policies.


Background:
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases represent a growing public health problem, a great burden on health systems and place a heavy burden on society as a whole.Patients with musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases often retire early, and any early retirement that could be prevented represents a loss of human capital, which means great social and economic damage to society.The present study was conducted in order to calculate for the first time in Slovenia the costs of the six most common diseases of the musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases for the period from 2016-2018.

Methods:
The calculated burden of musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases was based on the calculation of various direct and indirect costs cross-sectionally at the level of one year.The methodology of National Transfer Accounts (NTA) was used for the calculation of indirect costs.Six major diagnoses based on the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for statistical purposes were selected for calculation.Data were obtained from different national routine databases.

Results:
Calculations of the economic burden of musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in Slovenia showed that the economic costs of six selected diagnoses in the period 2016-2018 averaged about 5% of total health expenditure or 0.4% of gross domestic product in this period.The highest direct costs were hospitalizations, followed by costs for medicines, first curative visits at the primary level and visits to the outpatient clinic at the secondary level.

Conclusions:
The results of the first calculation of the burden of musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in Slovenia showed a high economic burden of these diseases in the period from 2016 to 2018.The economic burden is underestimated and would be significantly higher considering all diagnoses from this group of diseases.

Key messages:
Reducing the burden of musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases is absolutely necessary in view of the aging population and in the light of the sustainability of health systems.
The preparation of strategic documents for the promotion of musculoskeletal health and the consistent implementation of their contents has become urgent in Slovenia. Improvements

Background:
The analysis of the temporal patterns of causes of death is one of the most important tasks in population health monitoring and forecasts.In the present study, a detailed time series analysis of official statistics is performed in order to identify major temporal trends in the distribution of health risks in the German population.

Methods:
Official statistics on causes of death from 1990 to 2020 are utilised.The causes of death are classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision).Temporal trends of death cases per 100,000 population and ten-year forecasts are estimated with integrated autoregressive moving average models (ARIMA).

Results:
Cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms and cerebrovascular diseases have accounted for more than 70% of all deaths between 1990-2020.In contrast, urogenital, infectious and muscularrelated diseases have been reported for less than 2% of deaths during the same period.Annual deaths per 100,000 population due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases largely decreased between 1990-2020 ] and -4.02 95% CI [-6.85; -1.20], respectively).Concerning other causes of deaths, no temporal trends were observed, with the exception of diseases of the nervous and digestive system (0.83 95% CI [0.08; 1.58]).The forecasts for the decade 2020-2030 suggest that cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms are expected to remain the most frequent causes of death in Germany and could account for about 67% of all deaths.
to post 2013 of 0.03 years, and Northern Ireland (followed closely by Scotland and England) experienced the largest annual reduction from pre to post 2013 of 0.25 years.The cause of death responsible for the largest reductions in life expectancy improvements after 2013 was cardiovascular disease, followed by neoplasms.The largest reductions in deaths from cardiovascular disease were attributable to seven major risk factors: high LDL cholesterol, tobacco, dietary risks, high fasting plasma glucose, high systolic blood pressure, high body mass index, and low physical activity.
in life expectancy have slowed in high income countries, with uncertain causes.We assessed the contribution of different causes of death to changes in life expectancy, and changes in population exposure to major risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries plus the 4 nations of the United Kingdom from 1990-2013 and 2013-2019, using the Global Burden of Disease Study.After decades of steady improvements in life expectancy, all countries experienced smaller annual improvements after 2013.Norway experienced the smallest mean annual rate of change in improvement from pre 2013