paid sick leave and sickness benefits for universal health coverage: a scoping review

into account factors such as child’s gender, parity, maternal age, partnership status, ethnicity, and household socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: Using Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS) based on English and Welsh Census data, information from almost quarter of a million children born since 1981 to ONS LS sample mothers were used. Maternal education was categorised in 3 categories (below secondary, completed secondary education, degree and higher), and its association with child’s birth weight was analysed by logistic regression accounting for range of available covariates. Results: Significant association between the level of education and birth weight was found in crude analysis (p< 0.001). When adjusted, the magnitude of the association with education gradient declined but remained highly significant and was found to considerably increase over the years. The birth weight difference between those born to mothers with below secondary education and those born to mothers with degree increased by more than 60 grams (p for change <0.001) between 1981 and 2016. Conclusions: These findings support previous evidence based on different population samples. According to our results, children of mothers with below secondary education tend to have lower birth weight. Our results suggest that the inequalities in birth weight by the highest education level achieved by mother significantly increased since 1981. increase in inequalities the years.


Background:
In the area of the Local Health Authority Toscana Sud-Est (LHA) 13,5% of residents are foreigners.We aim to assess the impact of our intervention to COVID-19 vaccination coverage.Methods: Since summer 2021, LHA has promoted vaccination sessions dedicated to foreign residents with free walk-in access, multilingual forms, flyers and TV interventions, cultural mediators and trained healthcare workers.We collected data about vaccination status of residents (28 December 2020-31 January 2022) and we analysed them using the software STATA to assess vaccine coverage by nationality and the effectiveness of our intervention.The results were adjusted for age and sex.We set significance level at p < 0.05.

Results:
On 31 July 2021, 78% of Italian residents (N = 685289) had received the first dose of vaccine, compared to only 43% of foreign residents (N = 106370).There was a 35% gap.On 31 January 2022, after our intervention, 89% of Italian residents and 71% of foreign residents had received the first dose of the vaccine.The gap was 18%.On 31 January 2022, 50% of residents of all nationalities had received two doses of the vaccine.A significant difference between Italian and foreign residents is still observed after adjustment for age and sex (OR 0.41 95% IC 0.40-0.41).Vaccination adherence is lower in females than males, for both Italian (OR 0.90 0.89-0.91)and foreign residents (OR 0.82 0.79-0.84).This is accentuated within some ethnic groups: Macedonians, Kosovars, Pakistanis.

Conclusions:
The creation of dedicated service guaranteed to reach a high vaccination coverage in all the nationalities and to reduce the gap between host and foreign residents.In foreigners it is lower than in the hosts, so it is necessary to investigate possible Background: Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) suffer a high burden of chronic diseases, yet face significant barriers in accessing health services.We describe and compare chronic diseases and multi-morbidity in PEH, housing exclusion and secure housing who lacked access to regular health services in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.Methods: Study participants were adults who sought care at clinics of the humanitarian organisation ''A ¨rzte der Welt'' in Munich, Hamburg and Berlin in 2020.The patients were categorised into three groups according to the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS).We described socio-demographic characteristics, self-rated health, chronic diseases, multi-morbidity and SARS-COV-2 infections in each group.Logistic regression analysis was used to identify sociodemographic factors associated with higher odds of chronic diseases and multi-morbidity.

Conclusions:
Housing was not a risk factor for chronic disease and multimorbidity in this study.However, PEH reported poorer selfrated and psychiatric health.Strategies to improve access to health services for persons experiencing homelessness and housing exclusion are much needed in Germany.

Key messages:
Research to highlight the health inequity, both in access and outcomes, in persons experiencing all forms of homelessness is much needed.This study provides data on a population disconnected from the formal healthcare system.Making such data visible is a step towards addressing the structural causes of social exclusion.
Abstract 2), respectively.Age-specific TB incidence was lowest for 0-10 y.o., highest for 20 y.o.Being an old person, male, urban resident, retired, with HIV and diabetes was significantly associated with lower survival compared to a young, female, rural resident, employed, with no comorbidities.

Conclusions:
This was the largest TB study in Kazakhstan, presenting the country's TB by demographic groups, incidence, prevalence, mortality trends, and risk factors against survival.