Needs for Aging in Place: Views of Older Moroccan Adults in the Netherlands

Abstract Background and Objectives Due to health and/or financial limitations, older migrants may become especially dependent on their neighborhoods, highlighting the importance of investigating their experiences. We explored older Moroccan adults’ views on the relative importance of neighborhood resources for aging in place. Research Design and Methods Thirty Moroccans aged ≥65 years residing in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht were interviewed and asked to perform a ranking task developed with the combined quantitative and qualitative Q methodology. They ranked the relative importance of 38 statements representing the World Health Organization’s 8 global age-friendly cities domains, with explanation of their reasoning. By-person factor analysis was performed to identify factors representing distinct viewpoints, which were interpreted with reference to the interviewees’ comments. Results Four viewpoints were identified: “home sweet home”; “connected, well-informed, and engaged”; “suitable and affordable living”; and “a lively neighborhood.” The perceived importance of neighborhood resources for aging in place differed among viewpoints. Discussion and Implications Older Moroccan adults prioritize different neighborhood resources for aging in place. Our findings suggest that their diverse needs can be satisfied by enabling family to live in close proximity, providing diverse, inclusive neighborhoods with affordable, suitable housing, understandable information, social/cultural activities, and care services for vulnerable groups. Future studies may build on our findings to explore older (migrant) adults’ views on needs for aging in place in the Netherlands and other western countries.


Background
Rapidly growing aging urban populations are increasingly ethnically diverse (van der Greft & Fortuijn, 2017).In 2019, 12% of the global migrant population was aged ≥65 years and 15% resided in developed areas (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019).Most western governments expected that older migrants would return to age in their home countries, but most, including Moroccans in the Netherlands (Schans, 2008), are staying in their host countries (Ciobanu et al., 2017).
Moroccans form one of the largest non-European migrant groups in the Netherlands (de Regt et al., 2022).In 2019, 13% of this group was aged ≥55 years (average, 66 years; 20% aged ≥75 years), 45.3% was female, and 18.6% lived alone (de Regt et al., 2022).Most migrated from rural areas of Morocco in the 1960s as "guest workers" because of a domestic labor scarcity, and have limited education (>80% of men and >90% of women did not complete elementary school; Ciobanu et al., 2017;Schellingerhout, 2004).More Moroccans came to the Netherlands in subsequent decades for family forming and reunification (Stock, 2014).These migrants now age in places that differ markedly-socioculturally and linguistically-from their home country (Pot et al., 2020); many older Moroccan women (70%) and men (31%) have difficulty conversing in Dutch (Schellingerhout, 2004).
Environmental gerontology has been used to identify neighborhood characteristics pertaining to age-friendliness for the facilitation of aging in place (Meeks, 2022;Spring, 2018;Van Dijk et al., 2015), defined as "the ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level" (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).The ecological theory of aging (Lawton & Nahemow, 1973) holds that (resources of) older adults, resources in their environments, and aging in place are interdependent, with vulnerable (financially, socially, and/or mobility-limited) groups tending to depend more than others on their environments (Iwarsson et al., 2007;Van Dijk et al., 2015).Thus, exploration of the degree of fit between environmental resources and older adults' abilities and needs, rather than the examination of these aspects separately, is crucial (Iwarsson et al., 2007).The person-environment fit is key for successful adaptation across the lifespan (Baltes, 1987;Wahl & Gerstorf, 2020;Wahl & Weisman, 2003).Diversity is especially important for older adults, to account for cultural and economic inequities in resource access and influences on the ability to age in place (Meeks, 2022).

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The Gerontologist, 2024, Vol. 64, No. 7 Neighborhood (physical, social, and municipal) resources determine older adults' ability to realize well-being and age in place.Personal resources influence aging-in-place abilities and may account for differences in needs (Nieboer & Cramm, 2022).Older Moroccan women, for example, tend to spend more time at home and have fewer social networks than do men; they are expected to perform (sometimes burdensome) tasks such as caring for grandchildren, and have difficulty refusing when they feel unable (Omlo et al., 2016).The living situation (alone/with others) influences older adults' independence and choice of informal (spouse-/child-provided) or professional care (van Hoof et al., 2022).Older Moroccans depend strongly on their children as main sources of informal care and support, including when they can no longer take care of themselves or a partner dies (Omlo et al., 2016).
(Non-European) migrants in the Netherlands tend to concentrate in certain neighborhoods; 38% of Moroccan migrants reside in ≥50% migrant-populated neighborhoods (Gijsberts & Dagevos, 2005).Many such neighborhoods are deprived, limiting personal resources and societal integration and increasing social inequality and exclusion ( Van der Greft et al., 2016).Although 56% and 61% of older Moroccan men and women feel at home in the Netherlands, 51% and 41%, respectively, perceive discrimination against them (Schellingerhout, 2004).Such conditions impose physical and social constraints that impair well-being realization (Lager et al., 2012) and successful aging in place (Cramm et al., 2018).Due to health and/or financial limitations, older migrants may become especially neighborhood-dependent (Buffel, 2017).
Like older Dutch adults, older migrants prefer to live independently in their homes as long as possible (Witter & Fokkema, 2018).The Dutch government, municipalities, and social organizations have made numerous efforts to promote aging in place, collaborating to improve older adults' living/ neighborhood conditions, home care, and independent living ability (Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2018;Van Triest & Van Vliet, 2017).Small-scale initiatives directed toward older migrants have culture-specific housing and care components, including daycare facilities that serve as meeting places and sources of support and health-related information (Witter & Fokkema, 2018).
This study was conducted to explore the views of older Moroccan adults in the Netherlands on the relative importance of neighborhood resources for aging in place using Q methodology, which enables the study of individuals' beliefs, experiences, and perspectives (Watts & Stenner, 2012).We aimed to contribute to the promotion of more-inclusive agingin-place policies that meet the demands of diverse groups of older adults, in line with critical foci of efforts in this field (van Hoof et al., 2022).

Participants
The study was part of broader research on community age-friendliness and well-being realization among older natives and Moroccan, Turkish, and Surinamese migrants in the Netherlands (Nieboer & Cramm, 2022).It was conducted with first-generation Moroccans aged ≥65 years living, as do 44.9% of Moroccan migrants (Statistics Netherlands, 2022), in the four largest cities in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht; Supplementary Material Section 1).These migrants preferred to settle in these cities on arrival because of better job opportunities and the presence of other Moroccans, and they prefer to continue living there (van der Star et al., 2021).We strove to include participants from diverse neighborhoods residing in the Netherlands for ≥6 months/year.
With the help of social workers and volunteers who worked with this population, participants were recruited via social networks, neighborhood center and mosque visitation, and flyer distribution in mailboxes and Moroccan shops.Participants received 30-euro gift vouchers.The research ethics committee of Erasmus University Rotterdam approved the study (ETH2122-0125).

Q Set
In the larger study, a representative 38-statement Q set was developed to identify participants' viewpoints on the relative importance of neighborhood resources for aging in place (Nieboer & Cramm, 2022; Supplementary Material Section 2).The statements fell into eight World Health Organization (2007) global age-friendly cities domains: outdoor spaces and buildings, transportation, housing, social participation, respect and social inclusion, civic participation and employment, communication and information, and community support and health services.

Interviews and Q-Sort Procedure
Interviews (average, 50 min) were conducted at neighborhood centers or participants' homes, in Arabic and/or Dutch by the first author and in Berber by another interviewer, according to participants' preferences and/or proficiency.A Dutch interview guide was used to ensure standardization (Supplementary Material Section 3).The interviewer introduced the study and tasks and obtained the interviewee's consent to participate with audio-taping.Then, she presented printed cards with the Q-set statements in easy-to-read Dutch or Arabic text to the interviewee, asking him/her to read them and place them in three piles according to importance (important, less/not important, neutral) for feeling good in the neighborhood.The participant was then asked to rank the statements in each pile from most (+4) to least (−4) important on a sorting grid (Figure 1), and to elaborate on the rankings (Supplementary Material Section 4).
After the interview, the participant filled out a questionnaire, providing information about their age, gender, postal code, living situation (alone/with others), health condition (number of chronic diseases in the last 12 months, walking and vision problems), highest educational level (seven categories ranging from <6 years of elementary school to university or higher education, total number of years in school), and Dutch proficiency (do not speak or often/sometimes/never have difficulty speaking; the first category was taken to reflect difficulty speaking Dutch).The interviewers transcribed the audio recordings and translated the transcripts into English.

Analysis
The Q sorts were entered into PQ Method 2.35 (Schmolck & Atkinson, 2002).A correlation matrix was calculated and subjected to centroid factor analysis to extract factors of interest.The factors were subjected to varimax rotation, and an idealized Q sort was computed for each.Qualitative interview data were used to clarify the reasons underlying participants' statement rankings.Viewpoint interpretation is detailed in Supplementary Material Section 5.

Results
Of 36 individuals who consented to participate in the study, six were excluded due to difficulty understanding the tasks (n = 3), dementia (n = 1), and incomplete Q-set ranking (one statement missing; n = 2).Thus, the sample comprised 30 participants (mean age, 70 years; 60% women, 50% living alone, 50% with no education; Table 1).
The analysis revealed four distinct viewpoints (factors) that explained 42% of the data variance (Table 2).The Q sorts of 26 participants associated significantly with one of these factors.

Viewpoint 1: Home Sweet Home
Nine participants had this viewpoint; eight were women, seven lived alone, six had no education, six had difficulty speaking Dutch, seven had multimorbidity, and six had walking problems.They visualized their neighborhoods as places supporting a quiet home life, highlighting the importance of family members' presence and the availability of shops and health services within walking distance.
Participants preferred to stay in their cozy home environments.Especially given their difficulty speaking Dutch, they depended on children and grandchildren [Q-set statement (S) 22: +4].For them, family members were companions who helped to combat loneliness and provided care, safety, and support: I moved last year and now I live one street behind my daughter.In that way, I get the necessary help and companionship … I honestly wouldn't even want to live without family around me, existence would be too lonely then.Also, because I can't communicate in this country, it's more difficult.My children and grandchildren arrange all my appointments, errands, and everything for me.[Participant 11] These participants gave less importance to interaction with others in the neighborhood (S21: 0; S25: −1), and preferred that any such interaction was with Moroccans (S23: 0).They did not find neighborhood opportunities for social/civic/ sports participation to be important (S16: −3; S17: −2; S18: −2; S26: −3; S27: −2; S28: −3; S38: −4): We aren't used to going to all kinds of social activities.We prefer to sit quietly at home because we've always lived that way.Our husbands used to be strict, you couldn't just go anywhere.Even though my husband passed away, I still live like that.I just don't have the need.[Participant 15] They wanted to live in green neighborhoods that they could enjoy from their windows (S2: +3): I think it's important that there is enough greenery in my surroundings.I really enjoy looking out my window at greenery … Especially since I can't go outside much, I want it close to me … [Participant 11] Given their health issues, participants emphasized the importance of having general practitioners (GPs) near their homes (S34: +4).Despite their dependence, they did not want to constantly burden family members and wanted to live in neighborhoods that supported their independence (e.g., ability to occasionally shop alone).Thus, they appreciated the availability of shops, especially ethnic supermarkets/bakeries and halal butchers, within walking distance (S37: +3): That way I can go alone every now and then.If it's far, my daughter will always have to take me.That would be unpleasant.[Participant 13] To remain independent (including after being widowed), these participants needed safe crosswalks, accessible buildings, and benches (S4: +2; S6: +1; S3: +2) in safe neighborhoods that allowed them to go out without fear (S5: +3): Because I live alone, I think a safe neighborhood is very important.I was used to living with ten children and a husband and it's very different now.Now I'm much more aware of my safety, and I get frightened more often.[Participant 12] As these participants stayed home and prioritized service proximity, public transport and toilets in the neighborhood were not important to them (S10: −1; S8: −4).The latter also reflects religious practice: I'd rather hold it till I go home than do it while out … We're Muslims and of course we wash ourselves as soon as we go to the toilet.It's just not pleasant to go to the toilet while out.[Participant 15] Viewpoint 2: Connected, Well-Informed, and Engaged Four men who lived with their partners and/or children and had completed elementary school or less held this viewpoint; three participants each spoke Dutch, had multimorbidity, and had walking problems.They prioritized tolerance, social connection/engagement, and affordable housing in their neighborhoods.
Participants felt that tolerance and respect for everyone in the neighborhood (S24: +3) was required for the forging and maintenance of social connections:  They felt that contact between younger and older generations was important (S25: +2): When the person is generally in contact with younger and older adults, they benefit from each other; the older benefits from the young and the young benefits from older ones.
They kept updated on relevant information mainly through neighbors (S31: +3); seeking information about advice and support (S35: −3) and the availability of municipal information in a central place (S30: −2) were less important.These participants highly valued the neighborhood availability of affordable housing (S14: +4): This is a must.People are vulnerable … Now I fall under the National Old Age Pensions Act.When you finish your 65 years, they give you 800 or 900 euro … The housing prices are getting to be troublesome.[Participant 5] As these participants lived with others and relied on good neighborly connections, they did not require extra help at home (S32: −2) or other family members in the neighborhood (S22: −4).They also found neighborhood characteristics such as safety, beautiful and accessible buildings, and transport to be less important (S5: 0; S9: −3; S6: −2; S12: −3; S13: −2).

Viewpoint 3: Suitable and Affordable Living
Nine participants had this viewpoint; five were men, six lived with partners and/or children, five had no education, six spoke Dutch, four had multimorbidity, and six had walking problems.They prioritized good-quality housing, indoor meeting places, and health services within walking distance in their neighborhoods.
Participants emphasized the need for affordable agefriendly homes with accessible amenities (S15: +4; S14: +3): For the houses to be "age-proof," meaning that there's an elevator, that the house doesn't have many stairs or is on the ground floor if possible … It's important in the sense that older adults also have an opportunity to live in the same neighborhood where … they're used to living.[Participant 19] Participants wanted to be heard and have their complaints taken seriously (S27: +3).They criticized housing organizations due to the difficulty of finding more-suitable homes when needed.They described often having very limited housing options located outside the city: I've been trying to get another house for a long time and I don't get a chance (in the social housing program).I'm not the only one, I hear it from other people as well … I think this is the most important thing, the municipality must help people with this.[Participant 25] They expressed that new, "better" homes are too expensive for older adults, given their limited financial resources: Almost all people are retired, and their income is low … Old houses have an affordable rent, but the newly built houses are … very expensive![Participant 1] These participants prioritized health service proximity (S34: +4) due to their health issues.As they aged, they depended more on the neighborhood availability of GPs: The older you get, the more complaints you get … the possibility to see the doctor quickly if you need, or that the doctor comes quickly to you if something is wrong, must be there.So, depending on the seriousness of the complaints you have, it's important that the doctor is nearby.[Participant 19] Limited by health issues, participants were not interested in activities (S16: −1; S17: −2; S26: −3; S28: −1) or cycling (S13: −3).They preferred indoor gatherings with similarly aged people (S18: +3), and gave less importance to outdoor green areas, benches, and public toilets in the neighborhood (S2: −3; S3: −2; S8: −4).They valued indoor meeting spaces where they could see familiar faces and converse (S19: +2): An older person doesn't work anymore.He stays at home and when he goes out, he looks for where he feels at ease with friends who speak his language … [Participant 1] Although these participants preferred to interact with speakers of their language, they perceived neighborhood segregation as discriminatory and a source of conflict (S23: −4).They noted that Islam acknowledges that God created people of different races and tribes and promotes knowing and respecting one other: They've done that [neighborhood segregation] a few times, but it created conflict ... It's better for the neighborhood to be mixed, then there'll be no conflict … To me this is discriminating … why do we have to live separately?[Participant 25] Viewpoint 4: A Lively Neighborhood Four participants had this viewpoint: two were men who lived alone and had university/higher education, three spoke Dutch, and two had multimorbidity and difficulty walking.
They viewed neighborhoods as places that encourage older adults to remain socially and physically active, with health services available.
Participants prioritized having friends in the neighborhood (S22: +4) who motivated them to maintain social lives, and did not need extra care services (S32: −3; S36: −3): This is the most important thing for me, to have friends … neighbors … to have company.We can go out together, gather … relieve stress with each other … Here, I have neighbors, I have old friends, and we get along with each other [Participant 7] These participants wanted to engage in social and cultural activities more than did participants with Viewpoints 1 and 3 (S16: 0), and activity affordability was not an issue (S17: −4).They aspired to have diverse, not exclusively Moroccan, social networks (S19: −2).They recognized that discrimination could not be avoided, but preferred to not focus on it (S24: −1).They were against segregation (S23: −4): If I were a municipal housing officer, I'd never put people of one descent in one corner because then you will make a ghetto, and we've seen what ghettos have created in America … [Participant 26] As these participants had health issues, they appreciated having GPs in the neighborhood (S34: +3).They wanted their neighborhoods to stimulate and facilitate their mobility, with opportunities for sports (S38: +3) and good transportation options (S10: +4; S13: +2): I have a free transportation card … it's very important for me because then I can go places where I remain a bit active or … where I also meet people … [Participant 26] As these participants were active and spent time outside, public toilets and beautiful buildings in the neighborhood were more important for them than for participants with other viewpoints (S8: +2; S9: 0).Given their proactive attitudes and high educational levels, they did not depend on their neighborhoods to acquire information (S29: −2; S30: −3; S31: −2).They obtained information about activities and services and arranged their affairs online: Nowadays, we have Google, we can find everything … information doesn't necessarily have to be in a central city hall … [Participant 8]

Discussion and Implications
Research has revealed variability in (frail) older adults' views on ideal neighborhood characteristics for aging in place (Van Dijk et al., 2015).Similarly, Conkova and Lindenberg (2020) found differences within and among older migrant groups' experiences of aging and needs for aging well, related to gender, educational background, migration history, job history, and socioeconomic status.Building on these findings and given the need for research to inform the provision of more-inclusive aging-in-place policies (van Hoof et al., 2022), we explored the views of older Moroccans in the Netherlands and identified four viewpoints reflecting their diverse needs.
Most participants with Viewpoint 1 were women who spoke little Dutch, lived alone, and preferred quiet home lives and interaction with only family members and Moroccans.These results support previous findings that older migrants generally depend on family members in the same neighborhoods as their main social networks, and the presence of people with the same backgrounds to have a sense of home (Buffel & Phillipson, 2011).Most older Moroccan women came to the Netherlands at older ages than their husbands, and largely stayed at home to care for children, which limited their social networks and learning of Dutch.Thus, they have more difficulty arranging care, housing, and social participation (Verkaik et al., 2019).The longer life expectancy of (Moroccan) women increases the risk of living without a partner longer, which together with the language barrier increases the chance of high vulnerability (Omlo et al., 2016).Given that older migrants without nearby family or friends, especially those with functional and/or resource limitations, are more prone to loneliness, social isolation, and depression (Buffel & Phillipson, 2011), older Moroccans (especially women) could benefit greatly from policies that enable (extended) family members to live in close proximity, supporting their roles as companions and informal caregivers.
Participants with Viewpoint 2 were men who prioritized cohesive, inclusive neighborhoods.Many first-generation migrants in the Netherlands are less satisfied than Dutch natives with the quality of their social relationships (despite similar contact frequency), leading to greater loneliness and possibly explaining this preference (Ten Kate et al., 2020).Older migrant men in the Netherlands tend to have more opportunities than do women to combat loneliness and expand their networks by attending social/cultural/religious activities in neighborhood centers and mosques (perceived male spaces; Omlo et al., 2016).Most participants holding this viewpoint spoke Dutch, which may facilitate the building of neighborly relationships, especially with Dutch natives, and participation in activities (Omlo et al., 2016).However, many migrants in the Netherlands feel unaccepted and unwelcomed by Dutch natives (Andriessen et al., 2020), emphasizing the need for policies promoting older migrants' social inclusion.Participants with this viewpoint also valued the neighborhood availability of understandable information; in contrast, those with Viewpoint 4 were more educated and preferred to obtain information online.Thus, the means by which (neighborhood-relevant) information is provided in the Netherlands should account for older Moroccans' educational levels.
Participants with Viewpoint 3 prioritized the neighborhood availability of good-quality, affordable housing.Provisions to make homes suitable and accessible for older adults (e.g., handrail/bathroom grab bar installation) reduce the risk of injury and promote independence and well-being maintenance (Mulliner et al., 2020).Research has shown that older (Moroccan) migrants, like our participants with Viewpoints 2 and 3, are more likely than Dutch natives to live with partners and/or children (who may not have separate incomes), which may impose an extra financial burden and reduce their standard of living (van der Greft & Fortuijn, 2017).This may account for these participants' major concern about housing affordability, suggesting that its lack could threaten their ability to age in place.In line with previous findings, participants with Viewpoint 3 appreciated the availability of public meeting places, on which older (especially male) migrants depend to maintain contact with people with the same background and feel at home (Buffel, 2017).
Participants with Viewpoint 4 emphasized the importance of friends, good public transport, and sports opportunities in the neighborhood to facilitate their social and physical activities, suggesting that neighborhood physical and social characteristics are closely related and supporting Levasseur et al.'s (2015) finding that public transport availability is associated with older adults' mobility and social engagement.In addition, Van Cauwenberg et al. (2014) showed that increased neighborhood social connections encouraged older adults to improve their physical activity, as they more often chose walking as transportation.Research suggests that older migrants make efforts to build relationships with neighbors, aspiring to include people from different backgrounds on whom they can rely for help and social support, thereby maintaining resilience (Klokgieters et al., 2020).Half of the participants with this viewpoint had received higher education, associated with greater satisfaction with physical activity and social participation and easier maintenance of contact with friends and relatives (Verkaik et al., 2019).
Participants with three of the four identified viewpoints wished to live in diverse neighborhoods and perceived segregation as discrimination.Participants with Viewpoint 3 might prefer to connect with other Moroccans (like those with Viewpoint 1), but these three viewpoints generally reflect older Moroccans' aspiration to establish diverse networks, which is discrepant from their reality.Previous research has yielded mixed findings; Boileau et al. (2022) described segregation as a "mixed bag" with potentially negative and positive outcomes.Bécares et al. (2018) observed that segregation can protect against discrimination and enhance social support from people with similar backgrounds (consistent with Viewpoint 1), whereas Gijsberts and Dagevos (2005) demonstrated that segregated neighborhoods force connection only with people with the same ethnic background, reducing mutual acceptance.Thus, most older Moroccans' wish to live in diverse neighborhoods is understandable; it could help them diversify their social networks, increase mutual acceptance, and improve their Dutch proficiency (Gijsberts & Dagevos, 2005).
Our findings have implications for policymakers, as they highlight neighborhood characteristics needed to support older (Moroccan) migrants' aging in place in the Netherlands.For those with Viewpoint 1, who may impose pressure on their children (Choi et al., 2023), policies are needed to support the children's role as informal caregivers, with options for relocation to the parents' neighborhoods when needed.The Dutch government encourages citizens to provide informal care, and views family members as the first line of care provision to older adults; it provides support (flexible working hours, subsidies, and substitute caregivers when needed) to reduce informal carers' burdens (Vos et al., 2021).Aging-inplace policies need to support training to enhance the cultural competence, sensitivity, and understanding of diverse care needs of those who provide home-based care to older migrant adults.For older Moroccans with Viewpoint 2, policies and programs are needed to promote social inclusion through the development and maintenance of diverse social-support networks and provision of opportunities for social interaction, cultural preservation, and experience sharing.Consideration must be given to the inclusion of vulnerable older adults, like those with limited (financial) resources, widows/widowers, and non-Dutch speakers.Older Moroccans with Viewpoints 2-4 would benefit from efforts to create and maintain diverse and inclusive neighborhoods, promoting connection among (older) adults with different backgrounds.This is not easy, as the issue of ethnic segregation has received public and political interest in the Netherlands, as in other western countries.The development of policies aiming to reduce ethnic segregation is inconsistent with the country's constitution, which forbids discrimination (i.e., distinction between citizens based on race, country of origin, or minority identity; Boterman et al., 2021).Many policies aiming to socioeconomically improve deprived neighborhoods through house renovation and the attraction of middle-/high-income individuals have been implemented (Gijsberts & Dagevos, 2005), but housing affordability (especially important for older Moroccans with Viewpoints 2 and 3) should not be compromised.Policies could encourage larger-scale collaboration among sectors and organizations involved in aging, healthcare, immigration, and social services, ensuring a holistic, integrated approach to meet the diverse needs of older (migrant) adults while avoiding fragmentation and improving service delivery (Black & Oh, 2023).
Our findings indicate that (Moroccan) migrant groups should not be perceived as homogeneous, and that a "onesize-fits-all" approach to policy/intervention implementation to improve aging in place is not suitable, in the Netherlands or throughout the western world, where migrant populations are increasing annually.Migration trends have changed western countries' population compositions, with far-reaching and local implications for the aging experience (Meeks, 2020).More research is needed to explore the diverse needs of older (migrant) adults for aging in place, with the consideration of differences within and among groups to inform the implementation of more-inclusive policies and interventions that satisfy these needs.

Strengths and Limitations
A study strength is the use of Q methodology, which enables the exploration of different viewpoints, understanding, and comparing them, without requiring large participant samples (Brown, 1980;Watts & Stenner, 2012), and is thus promising for research conducted with difficult-to-recruit older migrants (Bilecen & Fokkema, 2022).Additionally, Q methodology provides a flexible approach for the study of subjectivity to derive meaning from participants' individual experiences (Brown, 1980).For example, Q-set items can be adjusted to suit target populations, for example, through the use of clear (translated) text or imagery (Brown, 1980; Supplementary Material Section 2); this approach is thus suitable for vulnerable populations (Combes et al., 2004).Such flexibility supported our efforts to represent the views of individuals with little to no education; most of our participants did not read well.The interviewers repeatedly read the statements out loud in the interviewees' preferred language and gave participants more time when needed to rank the statements.We believe that participants were able to express their views strongly, as reflected in discussions about important topics such as family members' roles as informal caregivers, the housing crisis, discrimination, and ethnic segregation in the Netherlands.Study limitations are that our sample is not representative of all older Moroccans in the Netherlands, and the results obtained with such Q methodology application are not generalizable (Watts & Stenner, 2012).Surveys are needed to explore the prevalence of the identified viewpoints in the country's general older Moroccan population.Additionally, the four viewpoints explained 42% of the variance, common in Q methodological research (Watts & Stenner, 2012) and reflecting diversity in aging-in-place needs, as in previous research (e.g., Van Dijk et al., 2015).Future studies could build on our findings, exploring relevant views among diverse older-adult groups in the Netherlands.Given that neighborhood characteristics differ among cities and countries, the perspectives of older (migrant) adults living in diverse contexts also need to be explored.Quantitative research on whether (and to what extent) participants' available neighborhood resources influence their views on aging in place is needed.Finally, we focused only on Moroccans aging in the Netherlands; comparison with the views of Moroccans aging in Morocco (among the worst countries for aging in place due to socioeconomic and elder/healthcare deficiencies; Abyad & Formosa, 2021) would be useful.

Conclusion
Using Q methodology, we identified four viewpoints held by older Moroccans in the Netherlands on the neighborhood resources needed to age in place.Our findings increase the understanding of the person-environment fit, and the resources needed to facilitate older migrants' aging in place.They illustrate the diversity of needs and unequal importance of neighborhood resources.This knowledge is crucial for policymakers who want to promote aging in place and make cities more age-friendly while considering the diverse needs of older (migrant) adults.
There are different people, different colors … but respect is always good … Respect as everyone has their rights.Don't discriminate against anyone.[Participant 3] Table1.Background Characteristics of the Study Participants (n = 30) = female; M = male; NR = not reported.a Having two or more chronic diseases.b This participant was interviewed 2 weeks before his 65th birthday because of his travel plans.