Development and Validation of Social Motivation Questionnaire

Abstract

Background and Objectives

Information-seeking (IS) and emotion-regulatory (ER) motivation play meaningful roles in age-related changes in social interaction across adulthood. This study aimed to develop and validate the Social Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ) to assess these two types of motivation.

Research Design and Methods

Ten items were selected from a pool as the candidate items of SMQ and were administered to 480 German adults (20–91 years old) for validation. These items were also administered to 150 U.S. (18–40 years old) and 131 Hong Kong younger adults (18 to 26 years old) for cultural-invariance examination.

Results

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that a two-factor, eight-item structure fits the German adults’ data well with satisfactory reliability. Multigroup comparisons showed cross-age invariance among younger, middle-aged, and older German adults, as well as cross-cultural invariance among German, U.S., and Hong Kong younger adults.

Discussion and Implications

A new questionnaire, SMQ, was developed and validated to measure IS and ER social motivation across adulthood and across cultures.

Social motivation, Information seeking, Emotion regulation, Cross-cultural invariance