
Contents
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Koans to Live By Koans to Live By
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Historical Stages Historical Stages
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Stage I: Formative Period: First Cases Originate in Pre- and Tang China (sixth–ninth centuries) Stage I: Formative Period: First Cases Originate in Pre- and Tang China (sixth–ninth centuries)
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I.1. Pre-Tang Dialogues Challenging Authority (sixth century) I.1. Pre-Tang Dialogues Challenging Authority (sixth century)
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I.2. Early Tang Northern School’s Gradual Approach (seventh century) I.2. Early Tang Northern School’s Gradual Approach (seventh century)
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I.3. Later Tang Southern School’s Shocking Teaching Style (eighth–ninth centuries) I.3. Later Tang Southern School’s Shocking Teaching Style (eighth–ninth centuries)
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Stage II: Summative Period: Song China Collections Transmitted to Japan and Korea (tenth–sixteenth centuries) Stage II: Summative Period: Song China Collections Transmitted to Japan and Korea (tenth–sixteenth centuries)
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II.1. Northern Song Transmission Records (tenth–eleventh centuries) II.1. Northern Song Transmission Records (tenth–eleventh centuries)
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II.2. Southern Song Koan Collections (twelfth century) II.2. Southern Song Koan Collections (twelfth century)
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II.3. Japanese and Korean Extensions of Commentarial Tradition (thirteenth–sixteenth centuries) II.3. Japanese and Korean Extensions of Commentarial Tradition (thirteenth–sixteenth centuries)
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Stage III: Reform Period: Reform in Late Imperial China and Early Modern Japan (seventeenth–nineteenth centuries) Stage III: Reform Period: Reform in Late Imperial China and Early Modern Japan (seventeenth–nineteenth centuries)
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III.1. Qing Syncretism with Nianfo/Nembutsu Practice (seventeenth century) III.1. Qing Syncretism with Nianfo/Nembutsu Practice (seventeenth century)
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III.2. Obaku School Arrives in Japan (seventeenth century) III.2. Obaku School Arrives in Japan (seventeenth century)
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III.3. Edo Japanese Reforms in Rinzai and Soto Schools (eighteenth–nineteenth centuries) III.3. Edo Japanese Reforms in Rinzai and Soto Schools (eighteenth–nineteenth centuries)
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Stage IV: Global Period: Ongoing Spread from Modern East Asia to the West (twentieth–twenty-first centuries) Stage IV: Global Period: Ongoing Spread from Modern East Asia to the West (twentieth–twenty-first centuries)
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IV.1. Koans in Asia and America (twentieth century) IV.1. Koans in Asia and America (twentieth century)
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IV.2. Western Successors (mid- to late twentieth century) IV.2. Western Successors (mid- to late twentieth century)
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IV.3. Recent Cultural Trends (twentieth–twenty-first centuries) IV.3. Recent Cultural Trends (twentieth–twenty-first centuries)
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Rhetorical Strategies and Ideological Schisms Rhetorical Strategies and Ideological Schisms
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Legalism and Judgment Legalism and Judgment
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Artistic Discipline and Spontaneity Artistic Discipline and Spontaneity
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Folklore Symbolism and Morality Folklore Symbolism and Morality
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Art-of-War Imagery and Competition Art-of-War Imagery and Competition
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Schools and Schisms Schools and Schisms
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2 Developmental Stages and Rhetorical Strategies: A Historical Overview
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Published:September 2014
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Abstract
A critical overview examines the main chronological stages and philosophical discussions that characterize the unfolding of the koan tradition extending from the earliest days of Zen Buddhism through the classical, medieval, and modern phases of development. Also shown are the ways that diverse cultural influences, including imagery borrowed from legalism, the fine arts, folklore, and military strategies, infiltrated and helped shape the construction of koan writings. In addition, the analysis considers the role of schismatic debates, forceful at times, involving rhetorical strategies in relation to meditative training with koan cases. Koans were originally oral teachings that were not supposed to be written down, but without transcribed documents their meaning would be lost. From the onset of the koan tradition, a fundamental source of tension or conflict eventually led to harsh sectarian discord about the role of speech and silence in forming and practicing this discourse.
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