
Contents
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Sino-Vatican relations: background and orientation Sino-Vatican relations: background and orientation
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China and the Vatican China and the Vatican
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New factors in Sino-Vatican negotiations New factors in Sino-Vatican negotiations
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The role of the Hong Kong and Macau churches The role of the Hong Kong and Macau churches
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Hong Kong: between dissent and loyalty Hong Kong: between dissent and loyalty
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The “right of abode” controversy The “right of abode” controversy
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Article 23 legislation Article 23 legislation
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Education reform Education reform
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Macau: smooth church-state relations Macau: smooth church-state relations
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Macau church visits to China Macau church visits to China
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The “bridging endeavor” of Macau The “bridging endeavor” of Macau
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Controversy over the Catholic tertiary institute Controversy over the Catholic tertiary institute
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The Vatican's considerations on China The Vatican's considerations on China
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10 Sino-Vatican Relations and the Intermediary Roles of Hong Kong and Macau
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Published:April 2012
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Abstract
The Vatican is the only European nation-state that does not have full diplomatic ties with Beijing. Negotiations between Beijing and the Holy See have stalled and disagreements over religious freedom, the ordainment of bishops, and the issue of the treatment non-official 'underground' churches in China have persisted. Hong Kong and Macau play unique functions in Sino-Vatican ties but Beijing has been adept at trying to play the Hong Kong and Macau churches off against each other. Hong Kong has been central to the 'bridging endeavour' strategy that is the main conduit for the Vatican to access Catholics in China without going through Beijing's channels. But it has both suffered from the political activism of the Hong Kong church and benefitted from its growing stature within the Vatican's hierarchy. In contrast, Beijing has followed a more accommodating policy vis-�is the Macau church, as a way to exert pressure on its Hong Kong counterpart.
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