CAREGIVING AND PREPARATION FOR RETIREMENT

Abstract Saving for retirement should begin with the first job, but preparation with respect to determining a specific retirement age and plans for post-retirement life, generally occurs closer to the retirement date. However, among those who provide care for family or close friends who are elderly and/or have disabilities, retirement preparation may take a back seat to more pressing current concerns. While we know quite a lot about patterns of saving for retirement and the factors that influence those patterns, we know little about retirement expectations and patterns of thinking about and planning for the broader retirement experience, particularly among caregivers. This paper uses data from the 2008-2016 rounds of the nationally-representative 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine retirement expectations and five areas of retirement preparation (reading, using a computer app, consulting a financial planner, calculating income, or attending meetings) among employed adults (ages 51-59 in 2016) who are or are not providing care for someone in or out of their household. Longitudinal analysis finds significantly lower retirement preparation among adults caring for someone inside versus outside the household, as well as significantly lower preparation activities among female versus male caregivers. Caregiving influences employment and, in turn, the types of retirement accounts held by men and women. Although caregiving is associated with decreased retirement savings among both men and women who have pension accounts, retirement preparation activities in 2008 and 2012 are associated with higher retirement savings in 2016.

experience long-term poverty and length of living in the same neighbourhood is positively associated with multiple exclusions in later life and these associations are not attenuated by demographics, and health factors. But, moderation analysis showed the length of living in the same neighbourhood has significant moderating effect on the relationship between long term poverty and multiple exclusions, particularly for older adults living in the same neighbourhood for more than 30 years. Discussion: The study findings illustrate the need to consider not only life course risks such as long-term poverty but also spatial disadvantages in addressing multiple social exclusions among older Chinese adults.

PATTERNS OF WEALTH TRAJECTORY IN LATER LIFE: CRITICAL PERIOD, ACCUMULATION, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY MODELS
Yu-Chih Chen, 1 Sojung Park, 2 and Nancy Morrow-Howell 3 , 1. Washington University in St. Louis,St. Louis,Missouri,United States,2. Brown School,Washington University in St. Louis,St. Louis,Missouri,United States,3. Washington University,St. Louis,Missouri,United States Wealth, an important financial cushion for older adults to buffer economic stress, requires a longer time to accumulate and develop in one's course of life. However, little is known about the trajectories of wealth in later life, and how the life course socioeconomic status (SES) may contribute to the development of wealth at old-age. This study investigated longitudinal patterns of wealth trajectory and whether SES across the life course affects these trajectories using critical period, accumulation, and social mobility models. Using data from 16,189 adults aged 51 and older from the 2004-2014 Health and Retirement Study, a growth mixture model was used to explore distinct wealth trajectories. Impacts of life course models were studied using multinomial logistic regression. Results showed that four heterogeneous latent classes of wealth were identified: Stable high (reference group), Low and increasing, Stable low, and High but decline. Disadvantaged adulthood SES, accumulated exposure to socioeconomic risks, and downward or persistent socioeconomic disadvantage over the life course were associated with Stable low, Low and increasing, and High but decline, supporting all three life course mechanisms on wealth development in later life. Evidence suggests that wealth development is heterogeneous across individuals, and a strong gradient effect of life-course SES on wealth trajectories are clearly observed. Programs and policies should address the effects of life course on wealth development to strengthen the economic well-being in later life.

THE ROLE OF SECURED AND UNSECURED DEBT IN RETIREMENT PLANNING AMONG PRE-RETIREES
Zibei Chen 1 and Karen Zurlo 2 , 1. University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,United States,2. Rutgers,New Brunswick,New Jersey,United States The retirement landscape is transformed by the shifting of risk and responsibility to individuals, who are increasingly responsible for their retirement security. Many factors lead to indebted and overleveraged American households. Specifically, nearly 40% of Americans approaching retirement are heavily indebted. Understanding the role of secured and unsecured debt in retirement planning becomes an urgent concern because debt is highly related to well-being in retirement among a growing number of older Americans. We focus on pre-retirees because these individuals have time to earn an income and plan ahead before they commit to a fully retired lifestyle. Utilizing data from the 2015 National Financial Capability Study, we identified the secured and unsecured debt that influences retirement planning among a national sample of pre-retirees, aged 51 to 61 years. Regression and mediation analyses were used to examine the relationship between debt and retirement planning and to identify the mediating effect of having a retirement account on the relationship between unsecured and secured debt and retirement planning. Our results indicated that mortgage debt and credit card debt were negatively associated with retirement planning. Having a retirement account is positively associated with retirement planning and it also mediates the relationship between credit card debt, specifically, and retirement planning. In conclusion, we urge individuals and financial planning executives to take time during the pre-retirement years to assess various forms of debt and determine how it is affecting their retirement planning objectives. And policy-makers should address the challenges faced by indebted pre-retirees.

THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RETIREMENT AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RETIREMENT TIMING
Michelle Silver 1 , 1. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Retirement is an ever-evolving, dynamic, and complex social construct we associate with the end of one's career. For some the term is a bad word and a term that needs to be retired, while others can't wait to retire and enjoy the good life. This paper examines a brief history of retirement and theoretical work from feminist gerontology, while focusing on gender differences in the social construction of retirement and policy implications of 10 different government pension plans. In doing so, it looks at policy implications associated with the standard retirement age tied to public pension plans in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. Findings indicate that women live longer than men in each country, yet women retire earlier and receive lower pensions than men. As the landscape surrounding women's work experiences changes and concerns about gender equity in salaries and workplace compensation continue to be raised, this paper extends the concerns to raise important questions about inequities in retirement. Elder family financial exploitation (EFFE) is widespread and increasing. The effect is devastating, causing significant financial losses, reducing health and well-being of elders, and disrupting family systems. Research reveals that most (90%) perpetrators are family members or trusted others and researchers typically focus on identification of the problem, rather than understanding how and why exploitation occurs within the family unit. Furthermore, limited consensus exists regarding a theoretical understanding of the complexities of EFFE. Theory-driven, empirical explanations of how and why EFFE transpires are urgently needed to enhance and deepen intervention and prevention efforts. In this symposium, we extend both theory and research by using a common theoretical lens to present research findings from three distinct EFFE studies. The first paper reviews the current literature on EFFE and theory and introduces Bronfennbrenner's bioecological Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) model as an under-utilized, but useful framework for understanding EFFE. The second paper reports on findings from in-depth interviews with non-perpetrator family members who experienced EFFE and will highlight complex intergenerational family systems processes in PPCT. The third paper highlights findings from a national study of substantiated and investigated cases of EFFE in which family member perpetrators were designated as surrogate decision makers. The fourth paper shares results from a qualitative study of family member POAs and how components of the PPCT model can be interpreted for use by helping professionals assisting families. We will also focus on the opportunities and challenges of developing theoretically sound EFFE research and the implications for improving practice and policy. Vulnerable older adults needing surrogate decision makers typically rely upon others for care and are unable to advocate for themselves. The issue of EFFE perpetrated by family members designated as surrogates has become highly visible nationally, yet no reliable, empirical documentation exists on the nature or extent of exploitation by surrogate perpetrators. In collaboration with the National Adult Protective Services Association (NAPSA), we prospectively gathered APS data from six geographically diverse counties on 450 substantiated cases of abuse by POAs, representative payees, and guardians of vulnerable adults 65+ living in community settings. This presentation will highlight how family member surrogates perpetuated abuse and the outcomes on elder victims. These findings elucidate person and processlevel factors (e.g., characteristics of victims, perpetrators, and their relationships) within the context of the APS system and can inform practice and policy recommendations for better prevention, detection, investigation, and intervention in these challenging cases.

EXAMINING THE NATURE AND ROLE OF FAMILY SYSTEM INTERACTIONS AND ELDER FAMILY FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION
Marlene Stum 1 , 1. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States Innovation in Aging, 2019, Vol. 3, No. S1