The relationship of Careers with People Interactions and Volunteering Between Gender-racial Groups in Late-life

Abstract Prior research showed that ethnic minorities in late-life tended to participate less in volunteering, compared to Whites. Older women, in general, spent more time volunteering than older men in the United States. Previous studies showed that occupational statuses, but have not yet discussed occupation categories, affected older adults' volunteering. The Current Population Survey dataset was utilized in this study to explore the relationship between careers with or without people interactions and volunteering of Americans aged 50 to 85 in an intersectionality lens. Regarding races, older African Americans who worked in occupations requiring human interactions, had almost double volunteering rate than those occupations not requiring these interactions. In respect of genders, compared to older men who worked in jobs requiring human interactions, the volunteer rate of those not requiring human interactions was 81% less. Either older African Americans or older men had more associations between their human interactions in career and their volunteering rate, than other racial groups or gender groups individually. Considering races and genders together, comparing to older Asian men who worked in fields needed interactions with others, the volunteering rate of those who did not work in these fields was 52% less. The association of older Asian men between fields requiring human interactions and volunteering rate was the least, among various gender-racial subgroups. Older adults with different racial-gender identities may face varying experiences in different types of occupations. Social and cultural factors among these identities are discussed to better understand the relationships between careers and volunteering in late-life.

volunteering and social connectedness for adults 50+.A convenience sample of volunteers (n = 112) 50+ years of age residing in the U.S. Mountain West were recruited.A 15-minute, online survey was utilized.The independent variable was number of volunteer hours per week (mean = 6.25,SD = 4.85).The dependent variable was social connectedness measured by five items positively worded from the five-point, Likert-type UCLA loneliness scale (α = .85;mean = 4.26, SD = 0.59).Drawing from the self-stereotypes of aging scale, the indirect effects of five internalized positive (e.g., "wise" and "capable") and five negative (e.g., "grumpy" and "helpless") age stereotypes were tested.Results indicate that increased internalized positive, not negative, age stereotypes partially mediated the relationship between volunteer hours and increased social connectedness, while holding constant age, gender, race, functional limitation, education, employment, length of volunteering, and previous volunteer experience.Although positive age stereotypes have long been considered a form of ageism, the results of this study suggest that internalizing positive age stereotypes may function as a form of esteem to promote enhanced psychosocial health as people age.

THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT OF OLDER KOREAN ADULTS' VOLUNTEERING ON THE RELATIONAL AND LIFE SATISFACTION Meeryoung Kim, Daegu University, Daegu, Kyongsangbukto, Republic of Korea
For older adults wanting to maintain good health and stay active after retirement, volunteering is an important activity.Social capital is important factor for volunteering.Social support as a social capital, is a contributing factor that is important and needed by older adults who volunteer.Also as a result from volunteering, older adults can increase their social support through volunteering.This study examined whether emotional and instrumental social support mediate volunteering on both relational and life satisfaction.This study used the 6th additional wave of the Korean Retirement and Income Study (2016).Subjects for this study are over 60 years old and the sample size is 280.For data analysis Baron and Kenny's triangular regression analysis and the Sobel test were used for data analysis.Demographic variables were controlled.Volunteer variables such as volunteering asked by others or self-motivated, whether only one type of volunteering or more, professional volunteering, and volunteer hours were used as independent variables.Emotional and instrumental social support were used as mediators.Relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction variables were used as dependent variables.Emotional and instrumental support partially mediate volunteering asked by others to influence relational and life satisfaction.In addition, emotional support and instrumental support mediate "more than one kind of volunteering" to influence relationship satisfaction.As such, emotional and instrumental support through volunteering has a mediating effect on relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction.
rom volunteering, older adults can increase their social support through volunteering.This study examined whether emotional and instrumental social support mediate volunteering on both relational and life satisfaction.This study used the 6th additional wave of the Korean Retirement and Income Study (2016).Subjects for this study are over 60 years old and the sample size is 280.For data analysis Baron and Kenny's triangular regression analysis and the Sobel test were used for data analysis.Demographic variables were controlled.Volunteer variables such as volunteering asked by others or self-motivated, whether only one type of volunteering or more, professional volunteering, and volunteer hours were used as independent variables.Emotional and instrumental social support were used as mediators.Relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction variables were used as dependent variables.Emotional and instrumental support partially mediate volunteering asked by others to influence relational and life satisfaction.In addition, emotional support and instrumental support mediate "more than one kind of volunteering" to influence relationship satisfaction.As such, emotional and instrumental support through volunteering has a mediating effect on relati

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OCCUPATION TYPES, EDUCATION, AND VOLUNTEER BEHAVIORS AMONG OLDER AMERICANS
Patrick Ho Lam Lai, 1 Cal Halvorsen, 2 and Christina Matz, 2 1. Boston College School of Social Work,Chestnut Hill,Massachusetts,United States,2. Boston College,Chestnut Hill,Massachusetts,United States Research shows that productive engagement in later life, such as paid work and volunteering, is associated with health and wellbeing.From a life-course approach, personal history and experiences developed from occupations earlier in life may affect individual's willingness and ability to volunteer in later life; reciprocally, volunteering tends to extend networks and roles from their previous work after retirement.Further, education, which influences career development, indirectly affects late-life volunteering.Using data from 329,938 individuals aged 50 to 85 in more than 700 occupations from the Volunteer Supplement of Current Population Survey since 2010, this study found that older adults had higher volunteer rates (40%) when their current or latest jobs require more human interactions, compared to those jobs were mainly characterized as office work (31%) and jobs not requiring much human interaction (21%).More specifically, occupations with higher volunteering rates were more likely to be related to social, educational, or spiritual sectors.Some careers seem to provide skills and networks needed in volunteer roles, such as accounting clerks (ranked 12th in volunteering) and museum technicians (ranked 13th).Diverse educational levels make the relationship between occupation and volunteering more complex.For instance, those older adults without a high school diploma and who have office work as their current or latest job (16%) have higher volunteering rates than those occupations requiring (14%) or not requiring much human interaction (10%).Policymakers can take the human interactions and skills needed in careers and educational levels into account when thinking of strategies to promote volunteering.
stina Matz, 2 1. Boston College School of Social Work,Chestnut Hill,Massachusetts,United States,2. Boston College,Chestnut Hill,Massachusetts,United States Research shows that productive engagement in later life, such as paid work and volunteering, is associated with health and wellbeing.From a life-course approach, personal history and experiences developed from occupations earlier in life may affect individual's willingness and ability to volunteer in later life; reciprocally, volunteering tends to extend networks and roles from their previous work after retirement.Further, education, which influences career development, indirectly affects late-life volunteering.Using data from 329,938 individuals aged 50 to 85 in more than 700 occupations from the Volunteer Supplement of Current Population Survey since 2010, this study found that older adults had higher volunteer rates (40%) when their current or latest jobs require more human interactions, compared to those jobs were mainly characterized as office work (31%) and jobs not requiring much human interaction (21%).More specifically, occupations with higher volunteering rates were more likely to be related to social, educational, or spiritual sectors.Some careers seem to provide skills and networks needed in volunteer roles, such as accounting clerks (ranked 12th in volunteering) and museum technicians (ranked 13th).Diverse educational levels make the relationship between occupation and volunteering more complex.For instance, those older adults without a high school diploma and who have office work as their current or latest job (16%) have higher volunteering rates than those occupations requiring (14%) or not requiring much human interaction (10%).Policymakers can take the human interactions and skills needed in careers and educational levels into account when thinking of strategies to promote volunteering.


THE RELATIONSHIP OF CAREERS WITH PEOPLE INTERACTIONS AND VOLUNTEERING BETWEEN GENDER-RACIAL GROUPS IN LATE-LIFE Patrick Ho Lam Lai, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States

Prior research showed that ethnic minorities in latelife tended to participate less in volunteering, compared to Whites.Older women, in general, spent more time volunteering than older men in the United States.Previous studies showed that occupational statuses, but have not yet discussed occupation categories, affected older adults' volunteering.The Current Population Survey dataset was utilized in this study to explore the relationship between careers with or without people interactions and volunteering of Americans aged 50 to 85 in an intersectionality lens.Regarding races, older African Americans who worked in occupations requiring human interactions, had almost double volunteering rate than those occupations not requiring these interactions.In respect of genders, compared to older men who worked in jobs requiring human interactions, the volunteer rate of those not requiring human interactions was 81% less.Either older African Americans or older men had more associations between their human interactions in career and their volunteering rate, than other racial groups or gender groups individually.Considering races and genders together, comparing to older Asian men who worked in fields needed interactions with others, the volunteering rate

THE RELATIONSHIP OF CAREERS WITH PEOPLE INTERACTIONS AND VOLUNTEERING BETWEEN GENDER-RACIAL GROUPS IN LATE-LIFE Patrick Ho Lam Lai, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States
Prior research showed that ethnic minorities in latelife tended to participate less in volunteering, compared to Whites.Older women, in general, spent more time volunteering than older men in the United States.Previous studies showed that occupational statuses, but have not yet discussed occupation categories, affected older adults' volunteering.The Current Population Survey dataset was utilized in this study to explore the relationship between careers with or without people interactions and volunteering of Americans aged 50 to 85 in an intersectionality lens.Regarding races, older African Americans who worked in occupations requiring human interactions, had almost double volunteering rate than those occupations not requiring these interactions.In respect of genders, compared to older men who worked in jobs requiring human interactions, the volunteer rate of those not requiring human interactions was 81% less.Either older African Americans or older men had more associations between their human interactions in career and their volunteering rate, than other racial groups or gender groups individually.Considering races and genders together, comparing to older Asian men who worked in fields needed interactions with others, the volunteering rate of those who did not work in these fields was 52% less.The association of older Asian men between fields requiring human interactions and volunteering rate was the least, among various genderracial subgroups.Older adults with different racial-gender identities may face varying experiences in different types of occupations.Social and cultural factors among these identities are discussed to better understand the relationships between careers and volunteering in late-life.Although research on the health benefits of volunteering has proliferated in recent decades, most studies have focused on whether or not a person volunteers or the monthly frequency of volunteering.This study examines whether sustained volunteering has health benefits above and beyond occasional or short-lived volunteering.To investigate the salubrious effects of volunteering, the present study considers sustained volunteering engagement in terms of both formal and informal volunteering.Using four waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, we assess the influence of sustained volunteering on chronic inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP).Results reveal that sustained engagement in formal and informal volunteering is related to lower CRP concentration, but this association is partly mediated by adult health and socioeconomic factors.Although sustained volunteering is associated with lower levels of chronic inflammation, older adults who maintain their volunteering over time are a select category of adults, characterized by higher education and wealth and better health.

requiring human interactions and volunteering rate was the least, among various genderracial subgroups.Older adults with different racial-gender identities may face varying experiences in different types of occupa
ions.Social and cultural factors among these identities are discussed to better understand the relationships between careers and volunteering in late-life.Although research on the health benefits of volunteering has proliferated in recent decades, most studies have focused on whether or not a person volunteers or the monthly frequency of volunteering.This study examines whether sustained volunteering has health benefits above and beyond occasional or short-lived volunteering.To investigate the salubrious effects of volunteering, the present study considers sustained volunteering engagement in terms of both formal and informal volunteering.Using four waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, we assess the influence of sustained volunteering on chronic inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP).Results reveal that sustained engagement in formal and informal volunteering is related to lower CRP concentration, but this association is partly mediated by adult health and socioeconomic factors.Although sustained volunteering is associated with lower levels of chronic inflammation, older adults who maintain their volunteering over time are a select category of adults, characterized by higher education and wealth and better health.


VOLUNTEERING AND CHRONIC


WHO VOLUNTEERS? RESULTS FROM A REGULAR COGNITIVE MONITORING STUDY

Britney Veal, Nasreen Sadeq, Taylor Atkinson, and Ross Andel, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States

Previous research indicates volunteering promotes well-being of individuals and communities.Volunteering in later-life may buffer some of the negative health effects experienced during retirement, facilitating opportunities for older adults to engage in meaningful ac

WHO VOLUNTEERS? RESULTS FROM A REGULAR COGNITIVE MONITORING STUDY
Britney Veal, Nasreen Sadeq, Taylor Atkinson, and Ross Andel, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States Previous research indicates volunteering promotes well-being of individuals and communities.Volunteering in later-life may buffer some of the negative health effects experienced during retirement, facilitating opportunities for older adults to engage in meaningful activities and stay active.The current study examined characteristics of older adults who volunteered outside of participation in a regular cognitive monitoring study.All 124 members (M= 76.87, SD= 7.47; 80 volunteers, 44 non-volunteers) of a regular cognitive monitoring study, requiring completion of a 15-minute cognitive online test once a month, with complete data on personal characteristics, volunteer activities, as well as study adherence and dropout rates were included.ANCOVA and logistic regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to assess differences between volunteers and non-volunteers.Results indicated that volunteers were less educated (p<.05), and slightly more likely to be younger and women compared to non-volunteers.There were no differences in cognitive performance (ps>.05).Volunteers had lower scores for neuroticism (p=.02) and were marginally higher agreeable and extraverted (ps<.09).Volunteers needed more reminders to complete the monthly test (ps<.01)but had lower dropout rates (p=.001).The most frequent type of volunteer activity reported was religious.Volunteers were motivated mainly by altruism, although most reported multiple reasons such as building social relationships and feeling important.Findings provide information about characteristics that can help identify older adults who are likely to volunteer.Results regarding study adherence may have implications for promoting recruitment and retention among older adult volunteers.In current standard practice, without a structured process for delirium follow up, older individuals and their family caregivers seemed to be lost, as they transitioned from hospital to home.The aim of this study was to pilot test a theoretical post-hospital model of care (DDEFY delirium) to mitigate the complications in patients who had hospital delirium.This is a pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial for patients with hospital delirium.The intervention was carried out by a delirium transitions nurse with personalized interdisciplinary team recommendations.DDEFY delirium intervention encompasses: Diagnose cognitive disorder; review Drugs; Educate patient/family; assess Function; Your health goals.During COVID-19 pandemic a virtual intervention group was created.Thus, three groups were analyzed: control, intervention, and virtual intervention.Among the 35 participants (mean age 80 years (SD10), 40% Black, 46% female), 40% had a diagnosis of dementia, mean Charles Deyo score was 6.4, mean number of medications 11.4 (3.2), and a mean anticholinergic medication burden was 2.4.The intervention group and virtual intervention group rates were: recruitment: 44.6 %vs8.8%,feasibility: 97%vs97%, fidelity:100%vs100%, 30-day readmission 28.6%vs0%, and 30-day ED visits: 0 vs.1.There were no differences in 30-day readmission rates between control vs intervention (p=1.0),control vs virtual intervention (p=.53), nor comparing all 3 groups (p=.49).The results of this pilot study determined that delivering DDEFY intervention to patients with delirium is feasible.Lessons learned from conducting this study will help us design a larger trial with modifications for older patients with delirium who transition from hospital to home.Ronan Factora, and Saket Saxena, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States Because of the increasing incidence of elder abuse and financial exploitation, Adult Protective Services (APS) cases

vities and stay active.The current study examined characteristics of older adults who volunteered outs
de of participation in a regular cognitive monitoring study.All 124 members (M= 76.87, SD= 7.47; 80 volunteers, 44 non-volunteers) of a regular cognitive monitoring study, requiring completion of a 15-minute cognitive online test once a month, with complete data on personal characteristics, volunteer activities, as well as study adherence and dropout rates were included.ANCOVA and logistic regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to assess differences between volunteers and non-volunteers.Results indicated that volunteers were less educated (p<.05), and slightly more likely to be younger and women compared to non-volunteers.There were no differences in cognitive performance (ps>.05).Volunteers had lower scores for neuroticism (p=.02) and were marginally higher agreeable and extraverted (ps<.09).Volunteers needed more reminders to complete the monthly test (ps<.01)but had lower dropout rates (p=.001).The most frequent type of volunteer activity reported was religious.Volunteers were motivated mainly by altruism, although most reported multiple reasons such as building social relationships and feeling important.Findings provide information about characteristics that can help identify older adults who are likely to volunteer.Results regarding study adherence may have implications for promoting recruitment and retention among older adult volunteers.In current standard practice, without a structured process for delirium follow up, older individuals and their family caregivers seemed to be lost, as they transitioned from hospital to home.The aim of this study was to pilot test a theoretical post-hospital model of care (DDEFY delirium) to mitigate the complications in patients who had hospital delirium.This is a pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial for patients with hospital delirium.The intervention was carried out by a delirium transitions nurse with personalized interdisciplinary team recommendations.DDEFY delirium intervention encompasses: Diagnose cognitive disorder; review Drugs; Educate patient/family; assess Function; Your health goals.During COVID-19 pandemic a virtual intervention group was created.Thus, three groups were analyzed: control, intervention, and virtual intervention.Among the 35 participants (mean age 80 years (SD10), 40% Black, 46% female), 40% had a diagnosis of dementia, mean Charles Deyo score was 6.4, mean number of medications 11.4 (3.2), and a mean anticholinergic medication burden was 2.4.The intervention group and virtual intervention group rates were: recruitment: 44.6 %vs8.8%,feasibility: 97%vs97%, fidelity:100%vs100%, 30-day readmission 28.6%vs0%, and 30-day ED visits: 0 vs.1.There were no differences in 30-day readmission rates between control vs intervention (p=1.0),control vs virtual intervention (p=.53), nor comparing all 3 groups (p=.49).The results of this pilot study determined that delivering DDEFY intervention to patients with delirium is feasible.Lessons learned from conducting this study will help us design a larger trial with modifications for older patients with delirium who transition from hospital to home.Ronan Factora, and Saket Saxena, Clev

incidence of elder ab
se and financial exploitation, Adul