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  • Abdominal infections, sepsis in, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

  • ABH blood group glycoconjugates, interactions with Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, rabbit model, 419

  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (See Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified])

  • ACTH (See Adrenocorticotropin)

  • a-Actinin, Trichomonas vaginalis, detection, 1727

  • Acyclovir

    • for herpes simplex reactivation inhibition, in trigeminal ganglion, mouse model, 821

    • for herpes simplex virus infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, failure, 487

    • prophylactic

      • in bone marrow transplantation, 571

      • for varicella-zoster virus infections, cellular immunity in, 834

    • resistance to, herpes simplex virus, 487

  • Adenosine receptor A1A, synergy with rolipram, in meningitis, rat model, 1550

  • Adhesion

    • Candida albicans, vitronectin receptors in, 156

    • Plasmodium falciparum, in pregnancy, 464

  • Adhesion molecules, in infections, 176

  • Adrenocorticotropin, response to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

  • Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

    • natural history, proviral DNA levels in, 1487

    • nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection outbreak in, 1686

  • African relapsing fever, Borrelia crocidurae, erythrocyte aggregation in, mouse model, 1929

  • Agammaglobulinemia, ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in, in pediatric patients, 491

  • AIDS (See Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified])

  • AIDS dementia complex, CCR5 genotypes in, 854

  • Airway

    • epithelial cells, interleukin induction in, by Aspergillus fumigatus proteases, 1267

    • immunoglobulin administration in, in respiratory syncytial virus protection, mouse model, 1324

  • Alcohol abuse, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome risk in, 410

  • Amantadine, resistance to, influenza virus, 935

  • Amniocentesis, cytomegalovirus detection in, 1320

  • Amphotericin B

    • in acquired immunity suppression, Listeria monocytogenes, mouse model, 1186

    • cytokine induction by, 1408

    • mechanism of action, in monocytes, 1259

  • Ampicillin

    • Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth effects, 1195

    • in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • Ampicillin-sulbactam, in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • Amprenavir, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, α1-acid glycoprotein concentration effects on, 1833

  • Anaerobes

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • vaginal, nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

  • Ancylostoma caninum, vaccination, mouse model, 1674

  • Anemia

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, erythropoietin auto-antibodies in, 2044

    • in malaria

      • cytokine balance in, 1753

      • hemoglobin levels in, 925

  • Anergy, T cell, in Kawasaki disease, 1869

  • Angiomatosis, bacillary, human herpesvirus 8 absent from, 1386

  • Animal models

    • Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary infections, interleukin-4 and, mouse, 1957

    • atherosclerosis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, mouse, 238

    • Bacillus decontamination with antimicrobial nanoemulsions, mouse, 1939

    • Borrelia crocidurae infections, mouse, 1929

    • Candida albicans infections, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse, 1648

    • Chagas' disease persistence, mouse, 480

    • chlamydial genital infection treatment, mouse, 1252

    • crossreactive antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus superantigens, mouse, 1365

    • Cryptococcus neoformans infections

      • pathophysiology, mouse, 1637

      • treatment with monoclonal antibodies, mouse, 791

    • Encephalitozoon cuniculi infections, 2086

    • Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin response, rabbit, 419

    • Escherichia coli infections, kidney pathology, mouse, 1374

    • granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogenesis, mouse, 546

    • guanarito virus infections, cane mouse, 966

    • Haemophilus influenzae mucosal vaccination, mouse, 122

    • hepatitis C antibody response, chimpanzee, 987

    • herpes simplex virus infections

      • genital, protection with microbicide PRO 2000, mouse, 203

      • reactivation in trigeminal ganglia, mouse, 821

      • treatment, mouse, 594

    • hookworm vaccination, mouse, 1674

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection (See also Simian immunodeficiency virus infection)

      • type 2

        • cat, 1503

        • macaque, 673

    • interleukin-12 viral vaccine adjuvant, mouse, 940

    • Listeria monocytogenes immunity suppressed by amphotericin B, mouse, 1186

    • measles virus infection, virulence of strains in, macaque, 950

    • meningitis, treatment with rolipram, rat, 1550

    • meningococcal vaccination, mouse, 747

    • mumps virus neurovirulence safety test, monkey, 521

    • neisserial porin immune response, mouse, 755

    • pelvic inflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 antibody in, monkey, 774

    • pertussis vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus challenge, mouse, 714

    • pneumococcal meningitis pathophysiology, rat, 1164

    • respiratory syncytial virus infections

      • monoclonal antibodies

        • mouse, 708

        • rat, 35

      • neutralization with Epstein-Barr virus antibodies, mouse, 268

      • protection against, mouse, 1324

    • S100 β protein in scrapie, hamster, 518

    • schistosomiasis treatment, mouse, 454

    • simian immunodeficiency virus infection

      • nonprogressive, cytotoxic T cell decline in, macaque, 1133

      • virus replication in, BOB/GPR15 orphan receptor in, macaque, 1494

    • Staphylococcus aureus infections

      • endocarditis, rabbit, 1561

      • osteomyelitis pathogenesis, mouse, 1912

      • sepsis vaccination, mouse, 1370

      • streptococci group B vaccination, rabbit, 892

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia, mouse, 133

    • T cell response to inactivated influenza virus, mouse, 579

    • tuberculosis genetic factors, mouse, 150

    • urinary tract infection resistance, mouse, 1220

    • vaginal candidiasis, macaque, 802

    • vancomycin resistance, mouse, 384

    • Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, cane mouse, 966

    • visceral leishmaniasis treatment with doxorubicin and interferon-τ, mouse, 811

    • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mitogen pathogenic effects, mouse, 1590

  • ANRS 053 trial, human immunodeficiency virus infection treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1342

  • Anthrax spores, decontamination, antimicrobial nanoemulsions for, mouse model, 1939

  • Antibiotics (See specific antibiotics and diseases)

  • Antibody(ies)

    • avidity maturation, after combination vaccination, 1390

    • Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60, in pelvic inflammatory disease, monkey model, 774

    • Cryptococcus neoformans

      • glucuronoxylomannan, in children, 915

      • in meningitis, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1526

    • cytomegalovirus, in asymptomatic infection, 702

    • erythropoietin, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2044

    • Haemophilus influenzae, induction in mucosa immunization, mouse model, 122

    • heat-shock protein 60, Chlamydia trachomatis, human leukocyte antigen associations, 234

    • hepatitis C virus, chimpanzee model, 987

    • human immunodeficiency virus (See Human immunodeficiency virus, antibodies to)

      • polyspecific self-reactive, in T cell deletion, 1072

    • influenza virus, avian, in household and social contacts, 1763

    • monoclonal

      • for Cryptococcus neoformans infections, mouse model, 791

      • Epstein-Barr virus, in respiratory syncytial virus neutralization, mouse model, 268

      • respiratory syncytial virus

        • activity, 35

        • mouse model, 708, 1324

    • neutralizing

      • cytomegalovirus, in bone marrow transplantation, 1747

      • human immunodeficiency virus, 871

      • lack of, human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission and, 344

      • streptococcal, toxic shock syndrome risk and, 410

    • parvovirus B19, nonstructural protein type, vs. clinical outcome, 500

    • Staphylococcus aureus superantigens, mouse model, 1365

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae, assays for, mouse model, 133

  • Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, in severe immunodeficiency, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1338

  • Antigens

    • Coccidioides immitis, in different strains, 243

    • cytomegalovirus, T cell response to, in kidney transplantation, 247

    • hepatitis B virus, T cell response to, in vaccine therapy, 15

    • latent nuclear, human herpesvirus 8, polymorphism, 1466

    • p24, human immunodeficiency virus, monitoring, in pediatric patients, 1089

    • Plasmodium falciparum, in pregnancy and childhood, 464

    • Staphylococcus aureus, crossreactive antibodies to, mouse model, 1365

  • Antimony compounds, for leishmaniasis

    • cutaneous, 1735

    • resistance to, 564

  • Antiretroviral agents (See also specific agents)

    • for human immunodeficiency virus infection

      • CD8+ anti—human immunodeficiency virus suppressor activity in, 68

      • clinical trials, 351

      • highly active (See Highly active antiretroviral therapy)

      • primary (acute), T cell partial normalization in, 320

  • Antisera, pneumococcal, in phagocytosis mediation, Fcτ receptors and, 888

  • Aortic aneurysm, Chlamydia pneumoniae detection in, 2074

  • Aphthous ulcers, esophageal, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, treatment with thalidomide, 61

  • Apoptosis

    • endothelial cells, Shiga toxin effects on, 2048

    • epithelium-derived cells, Escherichia coli Shiga toxin effects on, 1902

    • in esophageal ulcers, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 211

    • induction by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase, mouse model, 1398

    • macrophages, in Mycobacterium avium infections, interleukin-10 effects on, 1230

  • Arenaviruses, infections, natural history, cane mouse model, 966

  • Arthralgia, in o'nyong-nyong fever, 1436

  • Arthritis, rheumatoid, TT viremia in, 838

  • Ascitic fluid

    • cefotaxime and metabolites in, in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treatment, 1597

    • hepatitis C virus replication in, quasispecies development in, 992

  • Aspergillus fumigatus

    • proteases, in interleukin induction, 1267

    • pulmonary infections, susceptibility to, interleukin-4 and, mouse model, 1957

  • Astroviruses, infections, epidemiology, in child care centers, 514

  • Atherosclerosis pathogenesis

    • Chlamydia pneumoniae infections and, 780, 2074

      • mouse model, 238

    • oxidized low-density lipoprotein

      • adhesion to CD36 receptor, 473

      • Chlamydia pneumoniae in, 780

  • Atovaquone, for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prevention, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 369

  • Autoimmunity

    • in anemia, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2044

    • to Trypanosoma cruzi, mouse model, 480

  • Avidity maturation, after combination vaccination, 1390

  • Azithromycin

    • Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth effects, 1195

    • for Mycobacterium avium infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 229

  • B cells, in influenza virus immunity development, mouse model, 940

  • Bacillary angiomatosis, human herpesvirus 8 absent from, 1386

  • Bacillus, decontamination, antimicrobial nanoemulsions for, mouse model, 1939

  • Bacteremia

    • emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, culture in, 438

    • Neisseria meningitidis

      • epidemiology, United States, 1894

      • vaccination, mouse model, 747

    • streptococcal, toxin-neutralizing antibodies in, 410

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae

      • mouse model, 133

      • prolonged inflammation in, in elderly persons, 551

  • Bacterial overgrowth, cholera vaccine immunogenicity and, 1709

  • Bacterial vaginosis

    • interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and, 912

    • microbiology, vs. sexual behavior, 1632

    • sexually transmitted disease risk and, 1863

  • Bartonella

    • infections, human herpesvirus 8 absent from, 1386

    • rat reservoir for, 220

  • BCTP and BCTP 410 antimicrobial nanoemulsions, for Bacillus decontamination, mouse model, 1939

  • Biocides, for Bacillus decontamination, mouse model, 1939

  • Biopsy, small intestine, in microsporidiosis, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 929

  • BK virus infections, in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1

  • Bladder infections, resistance to, neutrophil recruitment in, mouse model, 1220

  • Blood culture

    • for emerging infections, 87

    • Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 438

  • Blood donor population, human T cell lymphotropic virus type I and type II antibodies in, 1777

  • Bloodstream infections (See also Bacteremia)

    • emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

  • BOB/GPR15 orphan receptor, in simian immunodeficiency virus replication, macaque model, 1494

  • Bone, archaeologic specimen, Treponema pallidum identification in, 2060

  • Bone marrow

    • culture, Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 438

    • transplantation

      • cytomegalovirus neutralizing antibody in, 1747

      • ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in, in pediatric patients, 491

      • viral infection prophylaxis in, 571

  • Bordetella pertussis, vaccination (See also Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

    • acellular, in adults, 397

    • respiratory syncytial virus response in, mouse model, 714

  • Borna disease virus, in neuropsychiatric disorders, 1695

  • Borrelia crocidurae, infections, erythrocyte aggregation in, mouse model, 1929

  • Borreliosis (See Lyme disease)

  • Bovine hyperimmune milk product, for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea prevention, 2056

  • Brain

    • Borna disease virus in, 1695

    • Borrelia crocidurae infections, mouse model, 1929

    • endothelial cells, Shiga toxin interactions with, 1205

    • malaria

      • cytokine expression in, 1742

      • pathogenesis, cytokines in, 1288

      • resistance in, chloroquine, epidemiology, Saudi Arabia, 1738

    • pork tapeworm infection, serologic testing for, 1307

  • Breast feeding, human immunodeficiency virus transmission in, 93

  • 8-Bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, in Shiga toxin interactions with brain endothelial cells, 1205

  • Bronchitis, chronic, Haemophilus influenzae colonization in, 404

  • Burkholderia pseudomallei, infections, cytokine levels in, 1878

  • n-Butyric acid, in Shiga toxin interactions with brain endothelial cells, 1205

  • CAESAR study, of hepatitis B—human immunodeficiency virus coinfection, 607

  • Calcium, in amphotericin B mechanism of action, 1259

  • Calmodulin, in amphotericin B mechanism of action, 1259

  • Canarypox, in vaccine preparation

    • cytomegalovirus, 843

    • human immunodeficiency virus, 290, 1122

  • Cancer, cervical, human papillomavirus infection epidemiology and, Brazil, 1415

  • Candida, colonization, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, vs. viral load, 534

  • Candida albicans

    • infections

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, protease inhibitor effects on, 448

      • systemic, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • vitronectin receptors on, 156

  • Candidiasis, vaginal, macaque model, 802

  • Cantaloupes, Salmonella saphra infections from, 1361

  • Castleman's disease, interleukin-6 production in, 824

  • Catheter-related infections, vascular, neutrophil chemotaxis on device surfaces, 1603

  • CCRs (chemokine receptors) (See Chemokines and chemokine receptors)

  • CD4 molecule (See T cells, CD4)

  • CD8 molecule (See T cells, CD8)

  • CD36 molecule, Plasmodium falciparum—infected erythrocyte adhesion to, 473

  • Cefotaxime, for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 1597

  • Cefotetan, in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • Ceftriaxone, for Lyme encephalopathy, 377

  • Cellular immune response (See also T cells)

    • to Candida albicans, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • to cytomegalovirus, 702

      • in kidney transplantation, 247

    • to dengue virus, 1429

    • to hepatitis C virus, 1452

    • in highly active antiretroviral therapy, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 76

    • to human herpesvirus 8, in homosexual men, 1682

    • to human immunodeficiency virus

      • with early treatment, 1827

      • in hemophilia cohort, 1790

      • immunogen, 641

    • in Kawasaki disease, 1869

    • to malaria vaccine, mechanisms, 1656

    • to neisserial porins, 762

    • in tuberculosis, 2069

    • to varicella-zoster virus, after acyclovir prophylaxis, 834

  • Cerebral malaria

    • cytokine expression in, 1742

    • pathogenesis, cytokines in, 1288

    • resistance in, chloroquine, epidemiology, Saudi Arabia, 1738

  • Cerebrospinal fluid

    • chemokines in, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, vs. cognitive impairment, 310

    • human immunodeficiency virus in, efavirenz effects on, 862

    • JC virus in, in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1690

    • peroxynitrite in, in pneumococcal meningitis, rat model, 1164

  • Cervix

    • human papillomavirus infections, epidemiology, Brazil, 1415

    • squamous intraepithelial lesions, human papillomavirus seroreactivity in, 1424

  • cg2 gene, Plasmodium falciparum, polymorphism, 1979

  • Chagas' disease

    • parasite persistence in, mouse model, 480

    • trans-sialidase, apoptosis induction, mouse model, 1398

  • Chancroid

    • testing for, in genital ulcer disease, 1382

    • treatment, 1886

  • Chemokines and chemokine receptors

    • in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection

      • in cerebrospinal fluid, vs. cognitive impairment, 310

      • mutations and polymorphisms

        • AIDS dementia complex and, 854

        • progression and, 1096, 1106

        • stromal-derived factor 1, 285

        • toxoplasmosis risk and, 920

        • transmission and, 614

      • production, 858

    • in influenza, zanamivir effects on, 586

    • in simian immunodeficiency virus infection, BOB/GPR15 orphan receptor use with, macaque model, 1494

  • Chemotaxis, neutrophil, on catheter surfaces, 1603

  • Chemotherapy, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome risk in, 410

  • Chickenpox

    • acyclovir prophylaxis for, cellular immunity in, 834

    • zoster in, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1784

  • Children (See Pediatric patients)

  • Chlamydia pneumoniae, infections

    • atherosclerosis and, 2074

      • mouse model, 238

    • low-density lipoprotein oxidation and, 780

  • Chlamydia trachomatis

    • genital infections

      • testing for, 1382

      • treatment, mouse model, 1252

    • heat-shock protein 60 antibody

      • human leukocyte antigen associations, 234

      • in pelvic inflammatory disease, monkey model, 774

  • Chlamydial infections, epidemiology, risk behaviors and, urban adolescent females, 1624

  • Chloroquine

    • for malaria, vs. tafenoquine, 1282

    • resistance to, Plasmodium falciparum, 1738, 1979

  • Cholera, vaccination, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and, 1709

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Haemophilus influenzae colonization in, 404

  • Ciprofloxacin

    • for chancroid, 1886

    • resistance to, streptococci, 555

  • Circumcision, human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission and, 330

  • Cirrhosis

    • in hepatitis C, pathogenesis, 1412

    • TT viremia in, 838

  • Citrobacter, resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

  • Clindamycin, in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • Coagulation disorders, infections and, 176

  • Coccidioides immitis

    • antigen, in different strains, 243

    • vaccination, 243

  • Cognitive impairment

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, cerebrospinal fluid chemokine levels and, 310

    • in Lyme disease, treatment with ceftriaxone, 377

  • Collectins, binding to respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein, 2009

  • Colon, epithelial cells, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mitogen pathogenic effects on, mouse model, 1590

  • Colonization

    • Candida, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, vs. viral load, 534

    • Haemophilus influenzae

      • in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 404

      • after mass vaccination, 1153

    • after Haemophilus influenzae vaccination, Brazil, 1153

    • Lactobacillus, vaginal, species identification, population demographics and, 1950

    • after pneumococcal vaccination, nonavalent conjugate, 1171

    • Staphylococcus aureus, nasal, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, eradication, 896

    • vaginal

      • interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and, 912

      • nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

    • vancomycin-resistant enterococci

      • from interfacility patient transfer, 391

      • parenteral antibiotic effects on, 384

  • Complement receptor, impairment, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1542

  • Congenital infections (See Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified], transmission, perinatal; Neonatal infections)

  • Cortisol, response to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

  • Counseling, on human immunodeficiency virus infection, in women, 99

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, animal models for, 518

  • Cryptococcus neoformans

    • capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan, antibodies to, in children, 915

    • fungemia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • infections

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, immune activation induced by, 559

      • smoking and, iron role in, 1412

      • treatment, 791

    • neutrophil response to, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1542

  • Cryptosporidium parvum

    • infections, epidemiology, Brazil, 167

    • virulence, variation among isolates, 1275

  • Culture

    • blood

      • for emerging infections, 87

      • Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 438

    • bone marrow, Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 438

  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis

    • T cell response in, 1731

    • treatment, 1735

  • Cysticercosis, serologic testing for, 1307

  • Cytokines (See also specific cytokines)

    • amphotericin B and, 1408

    • in Candida albicans infections, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • in cerebral malaria, 1742

    • in hepatitis C, 1412, 1704

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, lipopolysaccharide response, 106

    • in influenza, 10

      • zanamivir effects on, 586

    • Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth effects, 1195

    • in malaria

      • in anemia, 1753

      • pathogenesis and prognosis, 1288

      • in pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation in, 1987

    • in mucosal Haemophilus influenzae immunization, mouse model, 122

    • in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

    • in sepsis, 908

    • in Shiga toxin interactions with brain endothelial cells, 1205

  • Cytomegalovirus

    • detection, in fetus, 1320

    • infections

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection

        • esophageal, 211

        • highly active antiretroviral therapy effects on, 847

        • prophylaxis, 571

        • valacyclovir for, 695

      • in kidney transplantation, predictive markers for, 195

      • neutralizing antibody in, in bone marrow transplantation, 1747

      • in pregnancy

        • diagnosis, 1320

        • viral measurement in, 2035

      • primary, asymptomatic, 702

      • targeted to hepatocytes, 976

    • resistance in, ganciclovir, 491

    • T cell immunity to, in kidney transplantation, 247

    • vaccination

      • canarypox-based, 843

      • glycoprotein B subunit, 1700

      • subunit, 970

  • Dapsone, resistance to, Pneumocystis carinii, 1969

  • Death (See Mortality)

  • Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, response to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

  • Dementia, in human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • CCR5 genotypes in, 854

    • cerebrospinal fluid chemokine levels and, 310

  • Dengue hemorrhagic fever, CD69 expression in, in pediatric patients, 1429

  • Dengue virus, type 2, molecular evolution, 959

  • Desacetyl-cefotaxime, measurement, in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treatment, 1597

  • Detergents, in antimicrobial nanoemulsions, for Bacillus decontamination, mouse model, 1939

  • Diarrhea

    • astrovirus, epidemiology, in child care centers, 514

    • Cryptosporidium

      • clinical variation among isolates, 1275

      • epidemiology, Brazil, 167

    • enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

      • bovine hyperimmune milk product activity in, 2056

      • organism identification in, 2053

    • microsporidial, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2006

    • Norwalk-like virus, from drinking water, 1771

  • Didanosine, for human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • clinical trials, 351

    • pharmacokinetics, in mothers and neonates, 1536

    • resistance to, 1043

    • before seroconversion, 1827

  • Diethylcarbamazine, for onchocerciasis, dermatitis after, 1394

  • Dihydropteroate synthase, Pneumocystis carinii, mutations, 1969

  • Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination

    • Haemophilus influenzae vaccine with

      • colonization rate after, 1153

      • immunologic memory induction by, 538

    • Haemophilus influenzae—hepatitis B vaccine with, avidity maturation after, 1390

  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation, in infections, 176

  • DNA analysis

    • for astrovirus, 514

    • for Chlamydia pneumoniae, atherosclerosis and, 2074

    • for Lactobacillus species, in vaginal colonization, 1950

    • for simian virus 40, 884

    • for Taenia solium, in neurocysticercosis, 1307

    • for Treponema pallidum in archaeologic skeletal specimen, 2060

  • DNA polymerase, herpes simplex virus, in drug resistance, 487

  • DNA vaccines, schistosomiasis, mouse model, 454

  • Dot-blot hybridization, for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant, 1608

  • Doxorubicin, for visceral leishmaniasis, mouse model, 811

  • Doxycycline, for chlamydial genital infections, mouse model, 1252

  • Drinking water, diseases from (See Waterborne diseases)

  • Drug abuse, intravenous, human immunodeficiency virus genetic evolution in, 1025

  • Drug resistance

    • acyclovir, herpes simplex virus, 487

    • amantadine, influenza virus, 935

    • antimony compounds, Leishmania donovani, 564

    • chloroquine, Plasmodium falciparum, 1738, 1979

    • cytomegalovirus, ganciclovir, 491

    • dapsone, Pneumocystis carinii, 1969

    • didanosine, 1043

    • enterococci, vancomycin, from interfacility patient transfer, 391

    • Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin

      • epidemiology, 1177

      • mouse model, 384

    • Escherichia coli, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

    • fluoroquinolones, streptococci, 555

    • foscarnet, herpes simplex virus, 487

    • ganciclovir, cytomegalovirus, 491

    • herpes simplex virus

      • acyclovir, 487

      • foscarnet, 487

    • human immunodeficiency virus, 865

      • in injection drug users, 1025

      • reverse transcriptase sites in, 1043

    • influenza virus, rimantadine, 935

    • lamivudine, 865

    • Leishmania donovani, antimony compounds, 564

    • malaria

      • chloroquine, 1979

      • mefloquine, 2077

    • mefloquine, Plasmodium falciparum, 2077

    • multiple

      • pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae), 1577

      • tuberculosis, transmission, 1608

    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis

      • mutations in, 1751

      • transmission, 1608

    • nelfinavir, 865

    • nevirapine, 1043

    • Plasmodium falciparum

      • chloroquine, 1979

      • mefloquine, 2077

    • pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae), study methods for, 1577

    • Pneumocystis carinii, 1969

    • rimantadine, influenza virus, 935

    • Staphylococcus aureus, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

    • streptococci, fluoroquinolones, 555

    • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

      • Pneumocystis carinii, 1969

    • tuberculosis

      • mutations in, 1751

      • transmission, 1608

    • vancomycin, enterococci

      • epidemiology, 1177

      • from interfacility patient transfer, 391

      • mouse model, 384

    • zidovudine, 99, 865, 1043

  • Efavirenz, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 862

  • Eggs, Salmonella enterica enteritis from, 1214

  • Ehrlichiosis

    • epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

    • granulocytic, pathogenesis, mouse model, 546

  • Elderly persons, pneumococcal infections in, prolonged inflammation in, 551

  • ELISA (See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

  • Emerging infections, bloodstream, sentinels for, 87

  • emm1 gene, streptococcus group A, in opsonophagocytosis susceptibility, 1921

  • Emulsions, for Bacillus decontamination, mouse model, 1939

  • Encephalitozoon cuniculi, infections, in dogs and humans, 2086

  • Encephalitozoon intestinalis, infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2006

  • Encephalopathy, Lyme, treatment with ceftriaxone, 377

  • Endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus, thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 in, rabbit model, 1561

  • Endothelial cells

    • Shiga toxin interactions with, 1205, 2048

    • viral injury, coagulation disorders in, 176

  • Endotoxin (See Lipopolysaccharide)

  • Enteritis (See Gastroenteritis)

  • Enterobacter, resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

  • Enterococci

    • resistance in, vancomycin, from interfacility patient transfer, 391

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • vaginal, nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

  • Enterococcus faecium, resistance in, vancomycin

    • epidemiology, 1177

    • mouse model, 384

  • Enterocytozoon bieneusi, infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2006

  • Enterotoxins

    • Escherichia coli, ABH glycoconjugate interactions with, rabbit model, 419

    • Staphylococcus aureus, vaccination with, mouse model, 1365, 1370

  • env gene, human immunodeficiency virus, mutations, in injection drug users, 1025

  • Env pseudovirions, canarypox, in human immunodeficiency virus vaccine, 1122

  • Envelope protein, hepatitis C virus

    • antibody response to, chimpanzee model, 987

    • detection, 1328

  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

    • amplification-boosted, for p24 antigen, human immunodeficiency virus, 1089

    • for pneumococcal vaccine response evaluation, 1569

    • for Trichomonas vaginalis α-actinin, 1727

  • Eosinophil(s), recruitment, in onchocerciasis treatment with diethyl-carbamazine, 1394

  • Eotaxin, Onchocerca volvulus, in dermatitis, after diethylcarbamazine application, 1394

  • Epidemics

    • dengue virus infections, type 2, molecular evolution, 959

    • malaria, genetic characterization, Yanomami Amerindians, 2081

    • typhoid fever, vaccination in, 2089

  • Epidemiology

    • astrovirus infection, in child care centers, 514

    • avian influenza virus, Hong Kong 1997, 505

    • chlamydial infections, risk behaviors and, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • Cryptosporidium infections, Brazil, 167

    • Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin-resistant, 1177

    • Helicobacter pylori, in couples, 2064

    • hepatitis A, South Texas children, 509

    • herpes simplex virus type 2 infections

      • neonatal, California, 199

      • urban adolescent females, 1624

      • Zimbabwe, 1459

    • human herpesvirus 8 infections

      • transmission, vs. sexual orientation, 600

      • in homosexual men, United States, 1010

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection

      • circumcision effects on, 330

      • in women, North Carolina, 99

    • human papillomavirus infections, cervical, Brazil, 1415

    • human T cell lymphotropic virus type I and type II infections, United States, 1777

    • influenza virus, rimantadine-resistant, 935

    • malaria

      • chloroquine-resistant, Saudi Arabia, 1738

      • genetic characterization, Yanomami Amerindians, 2081

    • meningococcal disease, United States, 1894

    • mumps virus genotypes, United Kingdom, 829

    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis, Finland, 1771

    • o'nyong-nyong fever, Uganda, 1436

    • respiratory syncytial virus infections

      • Alaskan native children, 41

      • nosocomial, molecular characterization, 1686

    • Salmonella enterica enteritis, Wisconsin, 1214

    • Salmonella saphra, from Mexican cantaloupes, 1361

    • sexually transmitted diseases

      • circumcision effects on, 330

      • risk behaviors and, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • simian virus 40, in pediatric patients, 884

    • syphilis, jailed women in New York, 1159

    • tickborne diseases, North Carolina, 900

    • trichomoniasis, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • TT virus, 1748

      • Italy, 838

    • tuberculosis

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, barhopping and, 1245

      • multidrug-resistant, South Africa, 1608

      • Netherlands, 726

    • zoster, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1784

  • Epithelial cells

    • airway, interleukin induction in, by Aspergillus fumigatus proteases, 1267

    • injury, Haemophilus influenzae, 737

  • Epithelium-derived cells, pulmonary, Escherichia coli Shiga toxin effects on, 1902

  • Epstein-Barr virus

    • antibodies to, in respiratory syncytial virus neutralization, mouse model, 268

    • infections, susceptibility to, interleukin-10 gene polymorphism in, 496

  • Errata

    • endotoxin effects (1999;179:1278), 576

    • hepatitis B vaccine (1999;180:15), 1756

    • human herpesvirus 8 polymorphism (1999; 180:1466), 1756

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission (1999;180: 337), 1756

    • immune response to Schistosoma mansoni antigens (1999; 180: 1665), 2092

  • Erysipelas, streptococcal, toxin-neutralizing antibodies in, 410

  • Erythrocytes

    • aggregation, in Borrelia crocidurae infections, mouse model, 1929

    • Plasmodium falciparum in, adhesion to CD36 receptor, 473

  • Erythromycin, for chancroid, 1886

  • Erythropoietin, antibodies to, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2044

  • Escherichia coli

    • bacteremia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • enterotoxigenic

      • identification, in travelers' diarrhea, 2053

      • infections, bovine hyperimmune milk product activity in, 2056

    • heat-labile toxin, response, ABH glycoconjugates in, rabbit model, 419

    • infections, kidney pathology in, mouse model, 1374

    • prostatitis, virulence characteristics, 1378

    • resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • Shiga toxins

      • action on pulmonary epithelium—derived cells, 1902

      • endothelial cell apoptosis from, 2048

    • urinary tract infections

      • in neonates, 904

      • resistance to, mouse model, 1220

    • vaginal, nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

  • Esophagus, ulcers, in human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • pathogenesis, 211

    • treatment with thalidomide, 61

  • Exotoxins, pyrogenic, in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 410

  • Famciclovir, for herpes simplex virus infections, mouse model, 594

  • Fas protein

    • FasL interactions with, in Candida albicans systemic infection defense, mouse model, 1648

    • in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Fas receptors, up-regulation, in esophageal ulcers, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 211

  • Fct receptor

    • function, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1542

    • polymorphisms, pneumococcal phagocytosis and, 888

  • Feline immunodeficiency virus, CD8 T cell population in, l-selectin—negative, 1503

  • Fetus

    • cytomegalovirus detection in, 1320

    • growth retardation in, in maternal malaria, 1987

    • human herpesvirus 6 infections, 2035

  • Fever

    • bloodstream infections in, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • hemorrhagic

      • coagulation disorders and, 176

      • dengue, CD69 expression in, in pediatric patients, 1429

      • Venezuelan, cane mouse model, 966

    • o'nyong-nyong, epidemiology, Uganda, 1436

    • relapsing, Borrelia crocidurae, erythrocyte aggregation in, mouse model, 1929

    • spotted, epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

    • in tick bite, infections associated with, epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

  • Fibrinolysis, defects of, in infections, 176

  • Filariasis, Mansonella streptocerca, ivermectin for, 1403

  • Fluoroquinolones, resistance to, streptococci, 555

  • Foodborne diseases

    • Salmonella enterica enteritis, 1214

    • Salmonella saphra infections, 1361

    • Staphylococcus aureus, vaccination, mouse model, 1365

  • Foscarnet, for herpes simplex virus infections

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, failure, 487

    • resistance to, 487

  • Fungemia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

  • Fungi, sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

  • Gag pseudovirions, canarypox, in human immunodeficiency virus vaccine, 1122

  • Ganciclovir

    • prophylactic, in bone marrow transplantation, 571

    • resistance to, cytomegalovirus, 491

  • Gardnerella vaginalis, nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

  • Gastritis, Helicobacter pylori morphology in, nitric oxide effects on, 1713

  • Gastroenteritis

    • diarrhea in (See Diarrhea)

    • nitric oxide production in, 542

    • Norwalk-like virus, from drinking water, 1771

    • Salmonella enterica, epidemiology, Wisconsin, 1214

    • Salmonella saphra, outbreak, 1361

    • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, colonic epithelial pathophysiology in, mouse model, 1590

  • GB virus C (hepatitis G virus), infections

    • in hemodialysis, 191

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection in, 1334

  • Gender differences

    • in human immunodeficiency virus load, 666

    • in periportal fibrosis susceptibility, in schistosomiasis, 1298

  • Genetic factors

    • in Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 234

    • in periportal fibrosis susceptibility, in schistosomiasis, 1298

    • in tuberculosis, mouse model, 150

    • in vaginal colonization, 912

  • Genital tract infections

    • chlamydial, treatment, mouse model, 1252

    • herpes simplex virus (See Herpes simplex virus [type 2])

    • human papillomavirus, hybrid capture assay for, 1316

    • pelvic inflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis, monkey model, 774

    • sepsis in, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • ulcers

      • microbiology, 1382

      • treatment, 1886

  • Glomerular lesions, in Escherichia coli infections, mouse model, 1374

  • Glucuronoxylomannan, Cryptococcus neoformans, antibodies to, in children, 915

  • Glycoconjugates

    • ABH blood group, interactions with Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, rabbit model, 419

    • in vaccines, streptococci group B, rabbit model, 892

  • Glycoprotein(s)

    • cytomegalovirus, in vaccine preparation, 970

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, protease inhibitor efficacy and, 1833

    • respiratory syncytial virus, surfactant protein A binding to, 2009

  • Gonorrhea (See Neisseria gonorrhoeae, infections)

  • Granules, specific, neutrophil, YKL-40 protein, in pneumonia, 1722

  • Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1819

  • Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

    • for cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1735

    • as hepatitis B virus vaccination adjuvant, 2023

    • for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1064

    • for Mycobacterium avium infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 229

  • Granulocytic ehrlichiosis, pathogenesis, mouse model, 546

  • Growth retardation, intrauterine, in maternal malaria, 1987

  • Guanarito virus, infections, natural history, cane mouse model, 966

  • gyr genes, in fluoroquinolone resistance transfer, 555

  • HAART (See Highly active antiretroviral therapy)

  • Haemophilus ducreyi, infections

    • testing for, 1382

    • treatment, 1886

  • Haemophilus influenzae

    • colonization, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 404

    • nasopharyngeal epithelial injury by, 737

    • vaccination

      • combination, avidity maturation after, 1390

      • in combination vaccine, 538

      • herd effect, Brazil, 1153

      • mucosal, mouse model, 122

  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, viral load in, 2030

  • Heat-shock protein 60 antibody, Chlamydia trachomatis

    • human leukocyte antigen associations, 234

    • in pelvic inflammatory disease, monkey model, 774

  • Helicobacter pylori

    • epidemiology, in couples, 2064

    • infections, in pediatric patients, paternal and maternal infection status and, 1407

    • morphology, nitric oxide effects on, 1713

  • Hematogenous dissemination, Borrelia burgdorferi, subtypes associated with, 720

  • Hematopoietic progenitor cells, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effects on, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1819

  • Hemodialysis, GB virus C infection in, 191

  • Hemoglobin, in malaria, microcytosis and thalassemia effects on, 925

  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome

    • endothelial cell apoptosis in, 2048

    • in infections, 176

    • pulmonary epithelium—derived cell apoptosis in, 1902

  • Hemophilia

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection in

      • hepatitis C with, highly active antiretroviral therapy, 2027

      • nonprogression, 1790

      • zoster incidence in, 1784

    • TT viremia in, 838

  • Hemorrhage, in infections, 176

  • Hemorrhagic fever

    • coagulation disorders and, 176

    • dengue, CD69 expression in, in pediatric patients, 1429

    • Venezuelan, natural history, cane mouse model, 966

  • Hemostasis, in infections, 176

  • Hemozoin, placental, in malaria, 1987

  • Hepatitis A virus

    • infections, epidemiology, South Texas children, 509

    • vaccination

      • combined with hepatitis B virus vaccination, immunologic interference in, 2018

      • in transplantation, 2014

  • Hepatitis B virus

    • infections

      • chronic, treatment, vaccine therapy in, 15

      • epidemiology, urban adolescent females, 1624

      • human immunodeficiency virus infection with, treatment, 607

    • mutations, naturally occurring, 1444

    • vaccination

      • combination

        • avidity maturation after, 1390

        • with hepatitis A virus vaccination, immunologic interference in, 2018

      • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with, 2023

      • T cell proliferative responses in, 15

    • viral load, in lamivudine treatment, 1757

    • YMDD variants, 1757

  • Hepatitis C virus

    • envelope protein

      • antibody response to, chimpanzee model, 987

      • detection, 1328

    • infections

      • antibody response in, chimpanzee model, 987

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection

        • highly active antiretroviral therapy, 2027

        • protease inhibitor effects on, 574

      • intrahepatic cytokine expression in, 1704

      • MxA protein induction in, 262

      • pathogenesis, 1452

      • treatment, interferon-α, 1411

      • TT virus and, 27, 838

    • mutations, interferon effects on, 1001

    • quasispecies

      • in ascitic fluid, 992

      • interferon effects on, 1001

    • replication, in ascitic mononuclear cells, quasispecies development in, 992

    • vaccination, envelope protein in, 1328

  • Hepatitis G virus (GB virus C), infections

    • in hemodialysis, 191

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection in, 1334

  • Hepatocytes, as cytomegalovirus targets, 976

  • Herd effect, Haemophilus influenzae vaccination, Brazil, 1153

  • Herpes simplex virus (type 1 or unspecified)

    • infections

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, treatment failure in, 487

      • neonatal, epidemiology, California, 199

      • treatment, mouse model, 594

    • reactivation, in trigeminal ganglion, mouse model, 821

  • Herpes simplex virus (type 2), genital infections

    • epidemiology

      • urban adolescent females, 1624

      • Zimbabwe, 1459

    • protection with microbicide PRO 2000, mouse model, 203

    • testing for, 1382

    • transmission, to neonates, 199

    • treatment, 1886

  • Herpes zoster, epidemiology, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1784

  • Herpesviruses (See specific viruses, e.g., Human herpesvirus 8)

  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy, for human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • advanced, 659

    • anticandidal activity, 448

    • CD8+ anti—human immunodeficiency virus suppressor activity, 68

    • cytomegalovirus viremia decrease in, 847

    • failure, 568

    • with hepatitis C, 2027

    • hepatitis C viremia disappearance in, 574

    • interleukin-1 with, 56

    • interleukin-2 production restoration in, 1057

    • in pediatric patients, 359

    • primary, 1342

    • T cell reconstitution in, 76

    • viral rebound in, 530

  • Hippocampus, degeneration of, Borna disease virus in, 1695

  • Histoplasma capsulatum, fungemia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

  • HIV infection (See Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified])

  • Homosexual population, human immunodeficiency virus infection in

    • chemokine receptor polymorphisms in, 1096, 1106

    • human herpesvirus 8 infections in, 1010

      • immune response to, 1682

      • transmission, 600

    • JC virus DNA in, 1690

    • Kaposi's sarcoma in, 1010

    • progression, 1096, 1106

      • human leukocyte antigens in, 299

    • viral load in, longitudinal study, 1018

    • zoster incidence, 1784

  • Hookworm, vaccination, mouse model, 1674

  • Host defense (See also Cellular immune response; Humoral immune response; Immune response)

    • Candida albicans, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • respiratory syncytial virus, surfactant protein binding to fusion glycoprotein, 2009

    • in sepsis, 908

    • streptococci group A, 1718

  • Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

    • epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

    • pathogenesis, mouse model, 546

  • Human herpesvirus 6, infections

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, in pediatric patients, 50

    • interleukin-6 expression in, 824

    • reactivation during pregnancy, 2035

  • Human herpesvirus 8 (See also Kaposi's sarcoma)

    • cellular immune response to, in homosexual men, 1682

    • infections

      • with dual genotypes, 1466

      • epidemics, among homosexual men, United States, 1010

      • sexual transmission, 600

    • latent nuclear antigen, polymorphism, 1466

    • testing for, in bacillary angiomatosis, 1386

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (type 1 or unspecified)

    • antibodies to

      • failure to develop, 1033

      • neutralizing, mother-to-infant transmission and, 344

      • polyspecific self-reactive, in T cell deletion, 1072

      • in sexually exposed seronegative persons, 871

    • DNA, in acute infection, potent treatment effects on, T cell subsets after, 320

    • exposure to, seronegativity in, 871

    • mutations, in injection drug users, 1025

    • non—syncytium-inducing, progression and, 1106

    • replication

      • Mycobacterium avium effects on, 1142

      • phosphoantigen-reactive T cell suppression, 858

    • resistance to, NRAMP1 gene variants in, 1521

    • RNA

      • vs. Candida colonization, 534

      • cell-associated, as lymph node viral load indicator, 850

      • during first years of infection, 526

      • gender differences in, 666

      • as lymph node viral load indicator, 850

      • monitoring, in pediatric patients, 1089

      • as progression marker, in pediatric patients, 1514

      • in semen, antiretroviral drug effects on, 2039

      • temporal trends in, 1018

      • vs. therapy efficacy, 1851

    • susceptibility to, NRAMP1 gene variants in, 1521

  • Human immunodeficiency virus infection (type 1 or unspecified)

    • acute (See subheading primary [acute])

    • advanced

      • cytomegalovirus infections in, 695

      • neutrophil dysfunction in, 1542

    • AIDS dementia complex in, CCR5 genotypes in, 854

    • anemia in, erythropoietin autoantibodies in, 2044

    • animal models (See also Simian immunodeficiency virus infection) cat (feline immunodeficiency virus infection), 1503

    • antibodies in (See Human immunodeficiency virus [type 1 or unspecified], antibodies to)

    • bacteremia in, Mycobacterium avium, bone marrow and blood cultures in, 438

    • bloodstream infections in, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • Candida albicans infections in, protease inhibitor effects on, 448

    • chemokine production in, 858

    • cognitive impairment in, cerebrospinal fluid chemokine levels and, 310

    • counseling on, for women, 99

    • Cryptococcus neoformans infections in

      • capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan antibodies in, in pediatric patients, 915

      • immune activation induced by, 559

      • meningitis, antibody profiles in, 1526

      • smoking effects on, 1412

    • cytomegalovirus infections in

      • esophageal, 211

      • highly active antiretroviral therapy effects on, 847

      • prophylaxis, 571

      • valacyclovir for, 695

    • endotoxin responses in, 106

    • epidemiology

      • circumcision effects on, 330

      • in women, North Carolina, 99

    • esophageal ulcers in

      • pathogenesis, 211

      • treatment with thalidomide, 61

    • GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) infections in, treatment, 1334

    • genetic evolution in, in injection drug users, 1025

    • genital ulcers in, treatment, 1886

    • hepatitis B in, treatment, 607

    • hepatitis C in

      • protease inhibitor effects on, 574

      • treatment, highly active antiretroviral therapy, 2027

    • herpes simplex virus infections in, treatment failure in, 487

    • in homosexual population (See Homosexual population)

    • human herpesvirus 6 infections in, in pediatric patients, 50

    • human herpesvirus 8 cellular immune response in, 1682

    • human herpesvirus 8 infections in, epidemiology, homosexual men, United States, 1010

    • vs. human immunodeficiency virus infection type 2, pathogenicity comparison, 1116

    • human papillomavirus infection in, 1316

    • immunogen evaluation in

      • in pediatric patients, 626

      • phenotypic analysis in, 641

    • interleukin-2 production in, after highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1057

    • lymphadenopathy in, interleukin-6 production in, 824

    • macrophage tropism in, 344

    • meningitis in, Cryptococcus neoformans, antibody profiles in, 1526

    • microsporidiosis in, 929, 2006

    • Mycobacterium avium infections in

      • bone marrow and blood cultures in, 438

      • treatment, 229

      • viral replication in, 1142

    • natural history, 1803 (See also subheadings nonprogression and progression)

      • human leukocyte antigens and, 299

      • stromal-derived factor 1 chemokine polymorphism and, 285

      • T cell dysfunction and, 278

      • viral load during, 526

      • in pediatric patients, 1838

    • nonprogression

      • chemokine receptors and, 1106

      • cytotoxic T cell decline in, macaque model, 1133

      • in hemophilia cohort, 1790

      • stromal-derived factor 1 chemokine polymorphism and, 285

      • vs. viral load, 526, 666

    • p24 antigen monitoring in, in pediatric patients, 1089

    • in pediatric patients (See Pediatric patients, human immunodeficiency virus infection in)

    • phagocytosis in, neutrophil damage and, 206

    • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prevention in, 369

    • in pregnancy (See also subheading transmission, perinatal)

      • didanosine pharmacokinetics in, 1536

      • vaccination in, 1080

    • prevention, in neonates, maternal zidovudine for, 1844

    • primary (acute)

      • T cell dysfunction in, 278

      • treatment, 1342, 1827

        • potent, T cell subsets after, 320

    • progression

      • antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity prediction, 1338

      • CD3 T cell reduction and, 649

      • chemokine receptors and, 1096, 1106

      • human leukocyte antigens and, 299

      • markers for, in pediatric patients, 1514

      • stromal-derived factor 1 chemokine polymorphism and, 285

      • vs. viral load, 526, 666, 1018

    • progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in

      • JC virus load in, 1690

      • survival in, 621

    • resistance in, to drugs

      • in injection drug users, 1025

      • reverse transcriptase sites in, 1043

    • resistance to, 871, 1406

    • risk factors for, vaginal microflora and, 1863

    • seroconversion in

      • vs. CD4 T cell levels, 1803

      • treatment before, 1827

      • viral load temporal trends after, 1018

    • seronegative, persistently, viral and immunologic examination in, 1033

    • severe immunodeficiency in, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity studies in, 1338

    • smoking effects on, 1412

    • Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in, eradication, 896

    • subtype E, transmission, Thailand, 337

    • T cells in

      • in acute stage, 278

      • antibody effects on, 1072

      • CD3, destruction, 649

      • CD4

        • in antiretroviral therapy efficacy prediction, 530

        • human leukocyte antigens and, 299

        • as progression markers, in pediatric patients, 1514

        • response to antiretroviral therapy, 1050, 1057

        • vs. viral load, 1018

      • CD8, anti—human immunodeficiency virus suppressor activity, 68

      • chemokine receptor polymorphisms and, 1096

      • cytotoxic

        • combination antiretroviral agent effects on, 359

        • in repeated exposure without seroconversion, 1406

      • early treatment effects on, 320, 1827

      • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effects on, 1819

      • l-selectin—negative, cat model, 1503

      • in nonprogressive disease, 1790

      • phosphoantigen-reactive, 858

      • polyspecific self-reactive antibody effects on, 1072

      • as progression markers, in pediatric patients, 1514

      • reconstitution, in highly active antiretroviral therapy, 76

      • RNA-positive, vs. therapy efficacy, 1851

      • type 1 vs. type 2, 1116

      • vs. year of seroconversion, 1803

      • zoster incidence and, 1784

    • testing for, in women, 99

    • toxoplasmosis in, CCR5 deletion and, 920

    • transmission

      • in breast milk, 93

      • chemokine receptor mutations and, 614

      • circumcision effects on, 330

      • perinatal

        • factors affecting, 344

        • human herpesvirus infections with, 50

        • mastitis and, 93

        • maternal vaccination effects on, 1080

        • trends in, North Carolina, 99

      • Thailand, 337

      • vaginal microflora and, 1863

    • treatment

      • in advanced disease, 659

      • antiretroviral agents (See Antiretroviral agents; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; specific agents)

      • clinical trials, 351

      • combination, in pediatric patients, 359

      • didanosine (See Didanosine)

      • efavirenz, 862

      • failure, 568, 865

      • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 1819

      • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, 1064

      • highly active antiretroviral therapy (See Highly active antiretroviral therapy)

      • hydroxyurea, 1827

      • immune reconstitution after, 1050

      • immunogen in

        • in pediatric patients, 626

        • phenotypic analysis after, 641

      • indinavir (See Indinavir)

      • interleukin-1, 56

      • lamivudine (See Lamivudine)

      • monitoring, in pediatric patients, 1089

      • potent, T cell subsets after, 320

      • in pregnancy, didanosine pharmacokinetics in, 1536

      • primary, 320, 1343, 1827

      • progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy survival in, 621

      • protease inhibitors

        • α1-acid glycoprotein concentration, 1833

        • anticandidal activity, 448

      • before seroconversion, 1827

      • vs. T cell populations, 1851

      • vs. viral load, 1851

      • in women, 99, 1844

      • zidovudine (See Zidovudine)

    • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in, 1809

    • tuberculosis in

      • immune response in, 2069

      • transmission, barhopping and, 1245

    • vaccination

      • canarypox-based, 290, 1122

      • in pediatric patients, 626

      • phenotypic analysis after, 641

      • in pregnancy, 1080

    • vasculitis in, 176

    • viral load in

      • vs. Candida colonization, 534

      • cell-associated vs. lymph node, 850

      • during first years, 526

      • gender differences in, 666

      • in lymph nodes, blood test for, 850

      • as progression marker, in pediatric patients, 1514

      • in semen, antiretroviral drug effects on, 2039

      • temporal trends in, 1018

      • vs. therapy efficacy, 1851

      • vs. type 2, pathogenicity comparison, 1116

      • in untreated pediatric patients, 1838

    • viral mutation in, treatment failure in, 568

    • zoster in, epidemiology, 1784

  • Human immunodeficiency virus infection (type 2)

    • susceptibility window for dual isolate infection, macaque model, 673

    • viral load in, vs. type 1, 1116

    • viral replication in, BOB/GPR15 orphan receptor in, 1494

  • Human leukocyte antigens

    • associations with Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60, 234

    • human immunodeficiency virus progression and, 299

  • Human papillomavirus

    • infections, epidemiology, cervical cancer and, Brazil, 1415

    • seroreactivity to, in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions, 1424

    • vaginal, hybrid capture assay for, 1316

  • Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I

    • infections

      • epidemiology, United States, 1777

      • screening for, in neurologic disease, 685

    • natural history, proviral DNA levels in, 1487

    • uveitis, susceptibility to, tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism and, 880

  • Human T cell lymphotropic virus type II, infections

    • epidemiology, United States, 1777

    • risk factors for, Panama, 876

  • Humoral immune response (See also Antibody[ies])

    • to Cryptococcus neoformans

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1526

      • mouse model, 791

    • to cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B subunit vaccine, 1700

    • to human immunodeficiency virus, 871

    • to malaria vaccine, mechanisms, 1656

    • to neisserial porins, mouse model, 755

    • to pneumococcal vaccination, 1569

    • to respiratory syncytial virus

      • monoclonal antibody, mouse model, 708

      • with pertussis vaccination, mouse model, 714

    • to Schistosoma mansoni, familial resemblance in, 1665

  • Hybrid capture assay, for human papillomavirus in vaginal swabs, 1316

  • Hydroxyurea, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, before seroconversion, 1827

  • Hyperimmune milk product, bovine, for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea prevention, 2056

  • Hypertension, portal, in schistosomiasis, 1298

  • Immune response (See also Cellular immune response; Humoral immune response)

    • to antiretroviral therapy, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1050, 1057

    • in Borrelia crocidurae infections, mouse model, 1929

    • to Chlamydia trachomatis, doxycycline effects on, mouse model, 1252

    • heterosubtypic, T cell expansion in, mouse model, 579

    • to human immunodeficiency virus, dysfunction in, 1033

    • in Kawasaki disease, 1869

    • to Listeria monocytogenes, amphotericin B suppression, mouse model, 1186

    • to Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase, 1398

  • Immunization (See Vaccination)

  • Immunodeficiency (See also Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified])

    • in agammaglobulinemia, ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in, in pediatric patients, 491

    • Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary infections in, interleukin-4 and, mouse model, 1957

    • human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in, mouse model, 546

  • Immunogen, for human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • in pediatric patients, 626

    • phenotypic analysis after, 641

  • Immunoglobulin(s)

    • bovine, for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea prevention, 2056

    • in Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1526

    • formation, in human immunodeficiency virus exposure, 871

    • human immunodeficiency virus, polyspecific self-reactive, in T cell deletion, 1072

    • in respiratory syncytial virus protection, mouse model, 1324

    • in schistosomiasis susceptibility, 1665

  • Indinavir, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 76

    • α1-acid glycoprotein concentration effects on, 1833

    • advanced, 659

    • anticandidal activity, 448

    • CD8+ anti—human immunodeficiency virus suppressor activity, 68

    • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with, 1064

    • hepatitis C viremia and, 574

    • before seroconversion, 1827

  • Infants (See Neonatal infections; Pediatric patients)

  • Inflammation

    • prolonged, in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

    • in tuberculous pleurisy, transmesothelial monocyte migration in, 1616

  • Influenza virus

    • avian, 505, 1763

    • infections

      • experimental, cytokine modification of, 10

      • treatment, zanamivir, 254, 586

    • in interferon-τ production enhancement, 1477

    • resistance in, rimantadine, 935

    • vaccination

      • age factors in, 1356

      • immunoglobulin subclass responses in, 1356

      • inactivated, T helper cell response to, mouse model, 579

      • nasal, mouse model, 940

  • Integrins, receptors for, on Candida albicans, 156

  • Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

    • in tuberculosis resistance, 141

    • in tuberculous pleurisy pathophysiology, 1616

  • Interferon(s)

    • deficiency, in hepatitis C, 262

    • hepatitis C virus mutations and, 1001

  • Interferon-α

    • for GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1334

    • for hepatitis C virus infections, 1411

    • production, in chronic hepatitis B, vaccine therapy effects on, 15

  • Interferon-τ

    • in chronic hepatitis B, vaccine therapy effects on, 15

    • in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

    • in Escherichia coli kidney infections, mouse model, 1374

    • in influenza

      • interleukin-12 enhancement, 1477

      • zanamivir effects on, 586

    • in leishmaniasis, cutaneous, 1731

    • Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth effects on, 1195

    • in malaria

      • pathogenesis and prognosis, 1288

      • vaccine response, 1656

      • in melioidosis, 1878

    • in mucosal Haemophilus influenzae immunization, mouse model, 122

    • in tuberculosis, 2069

    • for visceral leishmaniasis, mouse model, 811

    • in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mitogen stimulation, mouse model, 1590

  • Interleukin(s)

    • in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

    • deficiency, in hepatitis C, 262

    • in influenza, zanamivir effects on, 586

    • in leishmaniasis, cutaneous, 1731

    • in malaria

      • anemia, 1753

      • in pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation in, 1987

    • in melioidosis, 1878

    • in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

    • response

      • to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

      • to mucosal Haemophilus influenzae immunization, mouse model, 122

    • in sepsis, 908

    • in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis, mouse model, 1912

  • Interleukin-1

    • in Candida albicans infections, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • low-dose subcutaneous, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 56

  • Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

    • amphotericin B and, 1408

    • gene polymorphism, vaginal colonization and, 912

    • in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

    • in sepsis, 908

  • Interleukin-1α, in streptococci group A defense, 1718

  • Interleukin-1β

    • amphotericin B and, 1408

    • intrahepatic, in hepatitis C, 1704

    • in monocytes, amphotericin B—induced, 1259

    • in Shiga toxin interactions with brain endothelial cells, 1205

  • Interleukin-2, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, after highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1057

  • Interleukin-4

    • in pertussis vaccination, mouse model, 714

    • in pulmonary aspergillosis susceptibility, mouse model, 1957

  • Interleukin-6

    • Aspergillus fumigatus protease induction, 1267

    • in human herpesvirus 6 infections, 824

    • in influenza mediation, 10

    • Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth effects, 1195

    • in malaria pathogenesis and prognosis, 1288

    • urinary, in neonatal urinary tract infections, 904

  • Interleukin-8

    • Aspergillus fumigatus protease induction, 1267

    • in Cryptococcus neoformans response, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1542

    • as cytomegalovirus infection indicator, in kidney transplantation, 195

    • in influenza mediation, 10

    • urinary, in neonatal urinary tract infections, 904

  • Interleukin-10

    • gene polymorphism, Epstein-Barr virus susceptibility and, 496

    • in malaria pathogenesis and prognosis, 1288

    • in Mycobacterium avium infections, 1230

    • in tuberculosis, 2069

  • Interleukin-12, as viral vaccine adjuvant, mouse model, 940

  • Iron

    • in cryptococcosis, smoking and, 1412

    • in hepatitis C pathogenesis, 1412

  • Ivermectin, for Mansonella streptocerca, 1403

  • JC virus

    • in cerebrospinal fluid, in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1690

    • infections, in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1

  • Kala-azar, drug resistance in, 564

  • Kaposi's sarcoma (See also Human herpesvirus 8)

    • epidemiology, homosexual men, United States, 1010

    • human herpesvirus 8 cellular immune response and, 1682

    • human herpesvirus 8 transmission and, 600

    • interleukin-6 production in, 824

  • Kawasaki disease, immune response defects in, 1869

  • Keratinocytes, streptococci group A adherence to, host defenses in, 1718

  • Kidney

    • Escherichia coli effects on, mouse model, 1374

    • hemolytic uremic syndrome

      • endothelial cell apoptosis in, 2048

      • in infections, 176

      • pulmonary epithelium-derived cell apoptosis in, 1902

    • infections

      • interleukin-6 production in, in neonates, 904

      • resistance to, neutrophil recruitment in, mouse model, 1220

    • pathology, in Borrelia crocidurae infections, mouse model, 1929

    • transplantation

      • cytomegalovirus infections in, predictive markers for, 195

      • hepatitis A virus vaccination in, 2014

      • T cell response to cytomegalovirus, 247

  • Klebsiella

    • resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

  • Lactobacillus, vaginal

    • vs. behavior, 1632

    • colonization, species identification, population demographics and, 1950

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission risk and, 1863

    • nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

  • Lamivudine

    • for hepatitis B, viral variants, 1757

    • for human immunodeficiency virus infection

      • advanced, 659

      • clinical trials, 351

      • with hepatitis B coinfection, 607

      • hepatitis C viremia and, 574

      • resistance in, 865

      • viral semen loads and, 2039

  • Leishmania braziliensis, infections

    • T cell response in, 1731

    • treatment, 1735

  • Leishmania donovani, resistance in, antimony compounds, 564

  • Leishmaniasis

    • cutaneous

      • T cell response in, 1731

      • treatment, 1735

    • visceral, treatment, doxorubicin and interferon-τ for, mouse model, 811

  • Leptin, production, in sepsis, 908

  • Leptospirosis, coagulation disorders in, 176

  • Leukemia, adult T cell, natural history, proviral DNA levels in, 1487

  • Leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 621

    • JC virus load in, 1690

  • Lipo-oligosaccharide, Neisseria meningitidis, in vaccination, mouse model, 747

  • Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

    • in sepsis, vs. lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels, 1584

    • in Shiga toxin interactions with brain endothelial cells, 1205

  • Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, in sepsis, vs. lipopolysaccharide levels, 1584

  • Lipoprotein, low-density, oxidized

    • adhesion to CD36 receptor, 473

    • Chlamydia pneumoniae in, 780

  • Liposome formulations, doxorubicin, for visceral leishmaniasis, mouse model, 811

  • Listeria monocytogenes

    • acquired immunity to, amphotericin B suppression, mouse model, 1186

    • intracellular growth, cytokine effects on, 1195

  • Liver

    • cirrhosis

      • in hepatitis C, pathogenesis, 1412

      • spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in, treatment, 1597

      • TT viremia in, 838

    • cytokines within, in hepatitis C, 1704

    • cytomegalovirus infections, cells targeted in, 976

    • inflammation (See Hepatitis [A–G] virus)

    • periportal fibrosis, in schistosomiasis, 1298

    • transplantation, hepatitis A virus vaccination in, 2014

  • Lung

    • epithelium-derived cells, Escherichia coli Shiga toxin effects on, 1902

    • infections (See also Pneumonia)

      • Aspergillus fumigatus, interleukin-4 and, mouse model, 1957

    • pathology, in Borrelia crocidurae infections, mouse model, 1929

  • Lung surfactant proteins, binding to respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein, 2009

  • Lyme disease

    • encephalopathy in, treatment with ceftriaxone, 377

    • hematogenous dissemination, organism subtypes associated with, 720

  • Lymph nodes, human immunodeficiency virus load in, blood test for, 850

  • Lymphadenopathy, human immunodeficiency virus—associated, interleukin-6 production in, 824

  • Lymphocyte function antigen-1, in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Lymphocytes (See also T cells)

    • thalidomide effects on, 216

  • Lymphogranuloma venereum, testing for, in genital ulcer disease, 1382

  • Lymphoma

    • adult T cell, natural history, proviral DNA levels in, 1487

    • human herpesvirus 6—associated, interleukin-6 production in, 824

    • human herpesvirus 8—associated, epidemiology, 1466

  • Lymphoproliferative response, to HIV antigens, in highly active antiretroviral therapy, 76

  • Lymphotoxin-α, in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

  • Macrophage(s)

    • activity, in hepatitis C, 1412

    • apoptosis, Mycobacterium avium in, interleukin-10 effects on, 1230

    • human immunodeficiency virus tropism for, mother-to-infant transmission and, 344

    • natural resistance—associated macrophage protein 1, mutations, human immunodeficiency virus infection susceptibility and, 1521

  • Macrophage inflammatory proteins

    • in cerebrospinal fluid, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 310

    • as cytomegalovirus infection indicators, in kidney transplantation, 195

    • in influenza, zanamivir effects on, 586

    • in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

  • Major histocompatibility complex, in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Malaria

    • anemia in, cytokine balance in, 1753

    • cerebral

      • cytokine expression in, 1742

      • pathogenesis, cytokines in, 1288

      • resistance in, chloroquine, epidemiology, Saudi Arabia, 1738

    • epidemiology, genetic characterization, Yanomami Amerindians, 2081

    • hemoglobin levels in, thalassemia and microcytosis effects on, 925

    • nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphisms in, 1994

    • in pregnancy

      • intrauterine growth retardation in, 1987

      • pathogenesis, 464

    • resistance in, chloroquine, 1738, 1979

    • severe, pathogenesis, cytokines in, 1288

    • treatment

      • mefloquine, 2077

      • tafenoquine, 1282

    • vaccination, immune effector mechanisms in, 1656

  • Mannose-binding proteins, binding to respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein, 2009

  • Mansonella streptocerca, infections, ivermectin for, 1403

  • Mastitis, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and, 93

  • Matrix metalloproteinases, Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus replication modulation, 1142

  • Measles virus

    • vaccination, dose intervals in, 187

    • virulence of strains, macaque model, 950

  • MEDI-493 respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, activity, 35

  • Mefloquine, for malaria, 2077

  • Melioidosis, cytokine levels in, 1878

  • Meningitis

    • Cryptococcus neoformans, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, antibody profiles in, 1526

    • Neisseria meningitidis, epidemiology, United States, 1894

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae, pathophysiology, rat model, 1164

    • treatment with rolipram, rat model, 1550

  • Meningococci

    • infections, epidemiology, United States, 1894

    • vaccination

      • efficacy, 242

      • mouse model, 747

  • Meningoencephalitis, Borrelia crocidurae, mouse model, 1929

  • Mesothelium, monocyte migration across, in pleural tuberculosis, 1616

  • Metalloproteinases, Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus replication modulation, 1142

  • Metronidazole, in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • MF59 adjuvant, in cytomegalovirus vaccine, 970

  • Microcytosis, in malaria, hemoglobin levels in, 925

  • Microfilariasis, Mansonella streptocerca, ivermectin for, 1403

  • Micro sporidiosis

    • in dogs and humans, 2086

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 929, 2006

  • Milk, breast, human immunodeficiency virus transmission in, 93

  • Mitogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, colonic epithelial pathophysiology and, mouse model, 1590

  • Monoclonal antibodies

    • for Cryptococcus neoformans infections, mouse model, 791

    • Epstein-Barr virus, in respiratory syncytial virus neutralization, mouse model, 268

    • respiratory syncytial virus

      • activity, 35

      • mouse model, 708, 1324

  • Monocyte(s)

    • interleukin-1β production in, amphotericin B—induced, 1259

    • in Mycobacterium avium killing, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 229

    • thalidomide effects on, 216

    • transmesothelial migration, in pleural tuberculosis, 1616

    • in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Monocyte chemoattractant proteins, in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

    • in influenza, zanamivir effects on, 586

  • Morganella, resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

  • Mortality

    • in malaria, cytokines in, 1288

    • in melioidosis, cytokines in, 1878

    • in meningococcal disease, 1894

  • Multiorgan failure, in coagulation disorders, in infections, 176

  • Mumps virus

    • genotypes, in United Kingdom, 829

    • neurovirulence safety test, monkey model, 521

    • vaccination, neurovirulence safety test for, monkey model, 521

  • Mupirocin, in Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage eradication, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 896

  • Mutations (See also Polymorphisms)

    • cg2 gene, Plasmodium falciparum, 1979

    • chemokine receptors (See Chemokines and chemokine receptors)

    • drug resistance due to (See Drug resistance)

    • hepatitis B virus, naturally occurring, 1444

    • hepatitis C virus, interferon effects on, 1001

    • human immunodeficiency virus

      • in injection drug users, 1025

      • treatment failure in, 568

    • interleukin-10 gene, Epstein-Barr virus susceptibility and, 496

    • nitric oxide synthase type 2 promoter, in malaria, in pediatric patients, 1994

    • NRAMP1 gene, human immunodeficiency virus infection susceptibility and, 1521

    • Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene, 1969

    • reverse transcriptase, human immunodeficiency virus, 1043

    • tumor necrosis factor—α gene, human T cell lymphotropic virus type I uveitis susceptibility and, 880

  • MxA protein, induction in hepatitis C, 262

  • Mycobacterium, bacteremia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

  • Mycobacterium avium, infections

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infections

      • replication modulation, 1142

      • bone marrow and blood cultures in, 438

    • pathogenesis, 1230

    • treatment, 229

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (See also Tuberculosis)

    • bacteremia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • resistance in

      • mutations in, 1751

      • transmission, 1608

    • resistance to, phenotypically activated τδ T cells in, 141

    • restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns, serial rate of change, 1238

  • Mycoplasma hominis, vaginal colonization, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and, 912

  • Naphthalene sulfonate polymer PRO2000, in genital herpes prevention, mouse model, 199

  • Natural killer cells

    • activity evaluation, in severe immunodeficiency, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1338

    • in dengue hemorrhagic fever, in pediatric patients, 1429

    • in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Natural resistance—associated macrophage protein 1, mutations, human immunodeficiency virus infection susceptibility and, 1521

  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae, infections

    • epidemiology, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • T cell response to, 762

    • transmission, vaginal microflora and, 1863

  • Neisseria meningitidis

    • infections, epidemiology, United States, 1894

    • vaccination

      • efficacy, 242

      • mouse model, 747

  • Neisserial porins, immune response to, 762

    • mouse model, 755

  • Nelfinavir, for human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • α1-acid glycoprotein concentration effects on, 1833

    • resistance in, 865

  • Neonatal infections

    • cytomegalovirus, prenatal diagnosis, 1320

    • herpes simplex virus, epidemiology, California, 199

    • human herpesvirus 6, 2035

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection (See also Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified], transmission, perinatal)

      • didanosine pharmacokinetics in, 1536

      • zidovudine for, 1844

    • streptococci, group B, vaccination for, rabbit model, 892

    • urinary, interleukin-6 levels in, 904

  • Neuroborreliosis, treatment with ceftriaxone, 377

  • Neurocysticercosis, serologic testing for, 1307

  • Neuroendocrine response, to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

  • Neurologic disorders, human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infections, 685

  • Neuropsychiatric disorders, Borna disease virus in, 1695

  • Neurovirulence safety test, for mumps virus, monkey model, 521

  • Neutralizing antibodies

    • cytomegalovirus, in bone marrow transplantation, 1747

    • human immunodeficiency virus, 871

    • lack of, human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission and, 344

    • streptococcal, toxic shock syndrome risk and, 410

  • Neutrophil(s)

    • in Candida albicans infections, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • chemotaxis, on catheter surfaces, 1603

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 206, 1542

    • in Mycobacterium avium killing, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 229

    • in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

    • recruitment, in urinary tract infections, mouse model, 1220

    • YKL-40 protein, in pneumonia, 1722

  • Neutrophil A1A adenosine receptor, synergy with rolipram, in meningitis, rat model, 1550

  • Nevirapine, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, resistance to, 1043

  • Nitric oxide Helicobacter pylori morphologic effects, 1713

    • production

      • in gastroenteritis, 542

      • in malaria, in pediatric patients, 1994

  • Nitric oxide synthase

    • production

      • cytokine stimulation, Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth and, 1195

    • type 2 promoter, in malaria, in pediatric patients, 1994

  • Nitrite/nitrate, in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

  • Nonoxynol-9 preparations, vaginal flora and epithelial effects of, 426

  • Norepinephrine, response to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

  • Norwalk-like viruses, gastroenteritis, from drinking water, 1771

  • Nose

    • immunization in

      • Haemophilus influenzae, mouse model, 122

      • viral, interleukin-12 adjuvant for, mouse model, 940

    • immunoglobulin administration in, in respiratory syncytial virus protection, 1324

    • pneumococcal carriage, after vaccination, 1171

    • Staphylococcus aureus carriage, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, eradication, 896

  • Nosocomial infections

    • enterococci, vancomycin-resistant, from interfacility patient transfer, 391

    • GB virus C, in hemodialysis, 191

    • respiratory syncytial virus, molecular characterization, 1686

  • NRAMP1 gene, mutations, human immunodeficiency virus infection susceptibility and, 1521

  • 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate synthetase, deficiency, in hepatitis C, 262

  • Onchocerca volvulus, treatment, dermatitis after, eotaxin expression in, 1394

  • O'nyong-nyong fever, epidemiology, Uganda, 1436

  • Opsonophagocytosis

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae, mouse model, 133

    • variable susceptibility to, streptococcus group A M-1 strain, 1921

  • Oral cavity, Candida colonization, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, vs. viral load, 534

  • Osteoblasts, interleukin production in, in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis, mouse model, 1912

  • Osteomyelitis, Staphylococcus aureus, pathogenesis, mouse model, 1912

  • Outbreaks

    • respiratory syncytial virus infections, nosocomial, molecular characterization, 1686

    • Salmonella enterica enteritis, Wisconsin, 1214

    • Salmonella saphra, from Mexican cantaloupes, 1361

  • p24 antigen, human immunodeficiency virus, monitoring, in pediatric patients, 1089

  • par genes, in fluoroquinolone resistance transfer, 555

  • Paraparesis, tropical spastic, natural history, proviral DNA levels in, 1487

  • Parvovirus B19, infections, antibodies after, nonstructural protein type, vs. clinical outcome, 500

  • Passive immunotherapy, for respiratory syncytial virus infections, mouse model, 268

  • Pediatric patients (See also Neonatal infections)

    • astrovirus infections in, epidemiology, in child care centers, 514

    • Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan antibodies in, 915

    • Cryptosporidium infections in, epidemiology, Brazil, 167

    • dengue hemorrhagic fever in, CD69 expression in, 1429

    • Helicobacter pylori infections in, paternal and maternal infection status and, 1407

    • hepatitis A in, epidemiology, South Texas, 509

    • human herpesvirus 6 infections in, 50

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection in

      • Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan antibodies in, 915

      • didanosine pharmacokinetics in, 1536

      • epidemiology, North Carolina, 99

      • human herpesvirus 6 infections with, 50

      • immunogen evaluation in, 626

      • p24 antigen monitoring in, 1089

      • progression, markers for, 1514

      • transmission to

        • in breast milk, 93

        • epidemiology, North Carolina, 99

        • factors affecting, 344

        • human herpesvirus infections with, 50

        • prevention, 99

      • treatment, combination, 359

      • viral load in, without treatment, 1838

    • immunodeficiency in, ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in, 491

    • influenza vaccination in, immunoglobulin subclass responses in, 1356

    • malaria in

      • hemoglobin levels in, thalassemia and microcytosis effects on, 925

      • nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphisms in, 1994

      • pathogenesis, 464

    • pneumococcal vaccination in, crossreactivity in, 1569

    • respiratory syncytial virus infections in, epidemiology, Alaskan native children, 41

    • simian virus 40 infections in, 884

  • Pefloxacin, resistance to, streptococci, 555

  • Peliosis, human herpesvirus 8 absent from, 1386

  • Pelvic inflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis

    • genetic factors in, 234

    • heat-shock protein 60 antibody in, monkey model, 774

  • Penicillium marneffei, fungemia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

  • Pentamidine, aerosolized, for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prevention, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 369

  • Peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori, in couples, 2064

  • Peritonitis, spontaneous bacterial, treatment, cephalosporins, 1597

  • Peroxynitrite, in pneumococcal meningitis pathophysiology, rat model, 1164

  • Pertussis, vaccination (See also Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

    • acellular, in adults, 397

    • respiratory syncytial virus response in, mouse model, 714

  • Phagocytosis

    • Candida albicans, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, neutrophil damage and, 206

    • Mycobacterium avium, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 229

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae

      • mediated by pneumococcal conjugate sera, 888

      • mouse model, 133

    • variable susceptibility to, streptococcus group A M-1 strain, 1921

  • Pharynx, Candida colonization, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, vs. viral load, 534

  • Phosphoantigens, T cells responsive to, in human immunodeficiency virus suppression, 858

  • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, for meningitis, rat model, 1550

  • Piperacillin-tazobactam, in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • Placenta, Plasmodium falciparum in, intrauterine growth retardation and, 1987

  • Plasmodium falciparum

    • in erythrocytes, adhesion to CD36 receptor, 473

    • infections

      • anemia in, cytokine balance in, 1753

      • cytokine expression in, 1742

      • epidemiology, genetic characterization, Yanomami Amerindians, 2081

      • in microcytosis, hemoglobin levels in, 925

      • pathogenesis, cytokines in, 1288

      • in pregnancy

        • intrauterine growth retardation in, 1987

        • pathogenesis, 464

      • in thalassemia, hemoglobin levels in, 925

      • treatment, mefloquine, 2077

      • vaccination, immune effector mechanisms in, 1656

    • resistance in, chloroquine, 1738, 1979

  • Plasmodium vivax, infections, treatment, 1282

  • Pleural space, tuberculosis, transmesothelial monocyte migration in, 1616

  • Pneumococcal surface protein serotyping, in multidrug-resistant pneumococci characterization, 1577

  • Pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae)

    • bacteremia

      • emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

      • mouse model, 133

    • infections, prolonged inflammation in, in elderly persons, 551

    • meningitis, pathophysiology, rat model, 1164

    • phagocytosis, mediated by pneumococcal conjugate sera, 888

    • pneumonia, YKL-40 protein levels in, 1722

    • resistance in

      • study methods for, 1577

      • transfer, 555

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • vaccination

      • crossreactivity in, 1569

      • mouse model, 133

      • nonavalent conjugate, 1171

  • Pneumocystis carinii

    • pneumonia, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, prevention, 369

    • resistance in, 1969

  • Pneumonia

    • avian influenza virus, risk factors for, 505

    • neutrophil YKL-40 protein levels in, 1722

    • Pneumocystis carinii, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, prevention, 369

  • pol gene, human immunodeficiency virus, mutations, in injection drug users, 1025

  • Polyarthralgia, in o'nyong-nyong fever, 1436

  • Polymerase chain reaction

    • amplification refractory mutation system, for chemokine receptors, 1096

    • for Bartonella, in rat reservoirs, 220

    • for Borrelia burgdorferi subtypes, 720

    • for Chlamydia pneumoniae, 2074

    • for cytomegalovirus, 491

    • for cytomegalovirus antigens, 247

    • for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 2053

    • for hepatitis B virus, 1757

    • for hepatitis C virus, 2027

    • for human immunodeficiency virus, p24 antigen, 1089

    • for human papillomavirus, 1415

    • for JC virus, 1690

    • reverse transcriptase nested, for mumps virus, 829

    • reverse transcription

      • for astrovirus, 514

      • for cytokines, in cerebral malaria, 1742

      • for hantavirus, 2030

      • for human immunodeficiency virus, 862

        • type 2, 1116

      • for Norwalk-like virus, 1771

      • for Sin Nombre virus, 2030

    • for simian virus 40, 884

    • for Trypanosoma cruzi, 480

    • for TT virus, 27, 838, 1748, 1750

    • for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, 1177

  • Polymerase gene, hepatitis B virus, mutations, 1444

  • Polymorphisms (See also Mutations)

    • chemokines and chemokine receptors (See Chemokines and chemokine receptors)

    • Fct receptor, pneumococcal phagocytosis and, 888

    • interleukin-10 gene, Epstein-Barr virus infection susceptibility and, 496

    • interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene, in bacterial vaginosis, 912

    • latent nuclear antigens, human herpesvirus 8, 1466

    • nitric oxide synthase promoter, in malaria, 1994

    • Plasmodium falciparum cg2 gene, 1979

    • tumor necrosis factor gene, human T cell lymphotropic virus type I uveitis susceptibility and, 880

  • Polyomaviruses, infections, in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1

  • Polyurethane, neutrophil chemotaxis on, 1603

  • Porins, neisserial, immune response to, 762

    • mouse model, 755

  • Pork tapeworm, brain involvement from, serologic testing for, 1307

  • Portal hypertension, in schistosomiasis, 1298

  • Praziquantel, for schistosomiasis, mouse model, 454

  • Pregnancy

    • cytomegalovirus infections in, diagnosis, 1320

    • herpes simplex virus infections in, transmission, 199

    • human herpesvirus 6 reactivation during, 2035

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection in (See also Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified], transmission, perinatal)

    • didanosine pharmacokinetics in, 1536

    • vaccination in, 1080

    • zidovudine pharmacokinetics in, 1844

    • malaria in

      • intrauterine growth retardation in, 1987

      • pathogenesis, 464

  • Prenatal diagnosis, cytomegalovirus, 1320

  • Prison, syphilis epidemiology in, women in New York, 1159

  • PRO2000 (naphthalene sulfonate polymer), in genital herpes prevention, mouse model, 199

  • Progenitor cells, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effects on, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1819

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, in human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • JC virus load in, 1690

    • survival in, 621

  • Prophylaxis

    • cytomegalovirus infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 571

    • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 369

    • respiratory syncytial virus infections, mouse model, 708

    • Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 in, rabbit model, 1561

    • varicella-zoster virus infections, cellular immunity after, 834

  • Prostatitis, Escherichia coli, virulence characteristics, 1378

  • Protease(s)

    • Aspergillus fumigatus, in interleukin induction, 1267

    • canarypox, in human immunodeficiency virus vaccine, 1122

  • Protease inhibitors, for human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • anticandidal activity, 448

    • hepatitis C viremia and, 574

  • Protein C, deficiency, in infections, 176

  • Protein D, Haemophilus influenzae, epithelial injury, 737

  • Protein kinase C, thalidomide effects on, 216

  • Protein S, deficiency, in infections, 176

  • Proteus, resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

  • Psoriasis, TT viremia in, 838

  • Psychiatric disorders, Borna disease virus in, 1695

  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, for multiresistant pneumococci characterization, 1577

  • Pyelonephritis (See Kidney, infections)

  • Quantitative trait loci, on chromosomes 2 and 9, in tuberculosis resistance, mouse model, 150

  • Radionuclide studies, in urinary tract infections, in neonates, 904

  • RANTES (See Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)

  • Rats, as Bartonella reservoirs, 220

  • Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

    • in cerebrospinal fluid, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 310

    • in influenza, zanamivir effects on, 586

  • Relapsing fever, Borrelia crocidurae, erythrocyte aggregation in, mouse model, 1929

  • Resistance

    • to drugs (See Drug resistance)

    • to human immunodeficiency virus, 871, 1406, 1521

    • to tuberculosis, phenotypically activated τδ T cells in, 141

    • to urinary tract infections, mouse model, 1220

  • Respiratory infections (See also Pneumonia; Tuberculosis)

    • Aspergillus fumigatus, interleukin-4 and, mouse model, 1957

    • Haemophilus influenzae, pathogenesis, 737

    • hantavirus, viral load in, 2030

    • sepsis in, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

  • Respiratory syncytial virus

    • antibodies to, in pertussis vaccination, mouse model, 714

    • fusion glycoprotein, surfactant protein A binding to, 2009

    • infections

      • epidemiology, Alaskan native children, 41

      • nosocomial, epidemiology, molecular characterization, 1686

      • protection with passive monoclonal antibodies, mouse model, 1324

    • treatment

      • monoclonal antibodies in, 35, 708

      • passive immunotherapy in, mouse model, 268

    • neutralization, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in, mouse model, 268

  • Restriction analysis, cytomegalovirus, 491

  • Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

    • for Borrelia burgdorferi subtypes, 720

    • for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 726

      • multidrug-resistant, 1608

      • serial rate of change, 1238

    • for Plasmodium falciparum, 2086

    • for streptococci, toxic shock syndrome risk and, 410

  • Reverse transcriptase, human immunodeficiency virus, mutations, 1043

  • Rheumatoid arthritis, TT viremia in, 838

  • Rickettsial infections, epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

  • Rimantadine

    • for influenza, cytokines and, 10

    • resistance to, influenza virus, 935

  • Ritonavir, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 76

    • α1-acid glycoprotein concentration effects on, 1833

    • anticandidal activity, 448

    • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with, 1064

  • Rolipram, for meningitis, rat model, 1550

  • RSHZ19 monoclonal antibody, respiratory syncytial virus

    • activity, 35

    • mouse model, 708

  • S100 β protein, in scrapie, hamster model, 518

  • Salmonella, bacteremia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

  • Salmonella enterica, enteritis, epidemiology, Wisconsin, 1214

  • Salmonella saphra, infections, outbreaks, from Mexican cantaloupes, 1361

  • Salmonella typhi, infections, vaccination, in epidemics, 2089

  • Saphenous vein, endothelial cells, Shiga toxin interactions with, 2048

  • Saquinavir, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, α1-acid glycoprotein concentration effects on, 1833

  • Sarcoma, Kaposi's (See Kaposi's sarcoma)

  • Sargramostim, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1064

  • Schistosomiasis

    • humoral immune response in, familial resemblance in, 1665

    • periportal fibrosis susceptibility in, 1298

    • treatment, mouse model, 454

  • Scrapie, S100 β protein levels in, hamster model, 518

  • Selectins, in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Semen, human immunodeficiency virus in, antiretroviral drug effects on, 2039

  • Sepsis and septic shock

    • Burkholderia pseudomallei, cytokine levels in, 1878

    • cytokine production in, 908

    • leptin production in, 908

    • lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels in, 1584

    • microbiology, 116

    • Neisseria meningitidis, vaccination, mouse model, 747

    • severe, microbiology, 116

    • Staphylococcus aureus, vaccination, mouse model, 1370

  • Sequestration, Plasmodium falciparum, in pregnancy, 464

  • Serratia, resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

  • Sexual behavior, vs. bacterial vaginosis microbiology, 1632

  • Sexually transmitted diseases (See also specific diseases)

    • epidemiology, risk behaviors and, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • human herpesvirus 8 infection, 600

    • human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission and, 337

    • human T cell lymphotropic virus type II, 876

    • transmission

      • circumcision effects on, 330

      • vaginal microflora and, 1863

    • ulcers, 1382, 1886

  • Shiga toxins

    • brain endothelial cell interactions with, 1205

    • Escherichia coli, action on pulmonary epithelium—derived cells, 1902

  • Shingles, epidemiology, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1784

  • Shock, septic (See Sepsis and septic shock)

  • Sialidase, Trypanosoma cruzi, apoptosis induction, mouse model, 1398

  • Silicone, neutrophil chemotaxis on, 1603

  • Simian immunodeficiency virus infection

    • nonprogressive, cytotoxic T cell decline in, macaque model, 1133

    • viral replication in, BOB/GPR15 orphan receptor in, macaque model, 1494

  • Simian virus 40, infections, in children, 884

  • Sin Nombre virus, infections, viral load in, 2030

  • Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, hepatitis C virus, 992

  • Skin

    • decontamination, in Bacillus exposure, antimicrobial nanoemulsions for, mouse model, 1939

    • leishmaniasis

      • T cell response in, 1731

      • treatment, 1735

    • streptococci group A host defense in, 1718

  • SLE (See Systemic lupus erythematosus)

  • Small intestine

    • bacterial overgrowth in, cholera vaccine immunogenicity and, 1709

    • biopsy, in microsporidiosis, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 929

  • Smith, David Hamilton, tribute to, 577

  • Smoking, cryptococcosis and, iron role in, 1412

  • Sodium antimony gluconate, resistance to, Leishmania donovani, 564

  • Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, production, in hepatitis C, 1412

  • Sparfloxacin

    • Listeria monocytogenes intracellular growth effects, 1195

    • resistance to, streptococci, 555

  • speA protein, in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 410

  • Specific granules, neutrophil, YKL-40 protein, in pneumonia, 1722

  • Spleen

    • apoptosis in, induction by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase, mouse model, 1398

    • enlargement, in schistosomiasis, 1298

  • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, treatment, cephalosporins, 1597

  • Spores, Bacillus, decontamination, antimicrobial nanoemulsions for, mouse model, 1939

  • Spotted fever, epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

  • Squalene emulsion (MF59) adjuvant, in cytomegalovirus vaccine, 970

  • Squamous intraepithelial lesions, cervical, human papillomavirus seroreactivity in, 1424

  • Staphylococci, coagulase-negative, sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

  • Staphylococcus aureus

    • bacteremia, emerging pathogen monitoring and, 87

    • endocarditis, rabbit model, 1561

    • enterotoxin, in vaccination, mouse model, 1370

    • nasal carriage, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, eradication, 896

    • osteomyelitis, pathogenesis, mouse model, 1912

    • resistance in, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 1809

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • superantigens, crossreactive antibodies to, mouse model, 1365

    • vaccination, mouse model, 1365, 1370

  • Stavudine, for human immunodeficiency virus infection

    • CD8+ anti—human immunodeficiency virus suppressor activity, 68

    • clinical trials, 351

    • hepatitis C viremia and, 574

  • Stibogluconate, for cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1735

  • Streptococci

    • group A (Streptococcus pyogenes)

      • host defenses against, 1718

      • infections, risk for invasiveness, 410

      • M-1 strain, opsonophagocytosis susceptibility, 1921

    • group B, vaccination, rabbit model, 892

    • sepsis, vs. tumor necrosis factor—α levels, 116

    • viridans, resistance in, transfer, 555

  • Streptococcus mitis, resistance in, transfer, 555

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (See Pneumococci [Streptococcus pneumoniae])

  • Streptococcus pyogenes (See Streptococci, group A [Streptococcus pyogenes])

  • Stromal-derived factor 1 chemokine, polymorphism, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 285

  • Sulfamethoxazole, resistance to, Pneumocystis carinii, 1969

  • Superantigens

    • Staphylococcus aureus, crossreactive antibodies to, mouse model, 1365

    • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, colonic epithelial pathophysiology and, mouse model, 1590

  • Superoxide, deficiency, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 206

  • Surfactant proteins, binding to respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein, 2009

  • Surfactants, in antimicrobial nanoemulsions, for Bacillus decontamination, mouse model, 1939

  • Susceptibility testing, pneumococci, multiresistant, 1577

  • Syphilis

    • in archaeologic skeletal specimen, 2060

    • epidemiology, jailed women in New York, 1159

    • genital ulcers in

      • testing for, 1382

      • treatment, 1886

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus

    • BK virus infections in, 1

    • JC virus infections in, 1

    • TT viremia in, 838

  • T cells

    • amphotericin B inhibition, Listeria monocytogenes acquired immunity and, mouse model, 1186

    • in Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary infections, mouse model, 1957

    • CD4

      • as cytomegalovirus infection indicator, in kidney transplantation, 195

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection (See Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified], T cells in)

      • sequestration, in tuberculosis, 225

    • CD8

      • anti—human immunodeficiency virus suppressor activity, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 68

      • as cytomegalovirus infection indicator, in kidney transplantation, 195

      • in dengue hemorrhagic fever, in pediatric patients, 1429

      • in feline immunodeficiency virus, l-selectin—negative, 1503

      • influenza-specific, interleukin-12 enhancement, 1477

      • response to canarypox-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccine, 290

    • CD40, in tuberculosis resistance, 141

    • CD69, in dengue hemorrhagic fever, in pediatric patients, 1429

    • cytotoxic

      • cytomegalovirus response, in kidney transplantation, 247

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection

        • combination antiretroviral agent effects on, 359

        • in repeated exposure without seroconversion, 1406

      • influenza-specific, interleukin-12 enhancement, 1477

      • in simian immunodeficiency virus, nonprogressive, 1133

    • in feline immunodeficiency virus, l-selectin—negative, 1503

    • helper, response

      • to cytomegalovirus, in kidney transplantation, 247

      • to inactivated influenza virus, mouse model, 579

      • in leishmaniasis, 1731

    • in hepatitis C, 1412

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection (See Human immunodeficiency virus infection [type 1 or unspecified], T cells in)

    • interferon-τ production in, in tuberculosis, 2069

    • in Kawasaki disease, 1869

    • memory, influenza-specific, interleukin-12 enhancement, 1477

    • phenotypically activated τδ, in tuberculosis resistance, 141

    • phosphoantigen-reactive, in human immunodeficiency virus replication suppression, 858

    • proliferation of, in hepatitis B vaccination, 15

    • reconstitution, in highly active antiretroviral therapy, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 76

    • response

      • to cytomegalovirus, in kidney transplantation, 247

      • to Haemophilus influenzae mucosal immunization, mouse model, 122

      • to malaria vaccine, 1656

      • to Neisseria gonorrhoeae porin, 762

    • in simian immunodeficiency virus, nonprogressive, 1133

  • Taenia solium, serologic testing for, 1307

  • Tafenoquine, for malaria, 1282

  • Tapeworm, pork, brain involvement from, serologic testing for, 1307

  • Technetium-99m scans, in urinary tract infections, in neonates, 904

  • Tetanus, vaccination (See Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

  • Thalassemia, in malaria, hemoglobin levels in, 925

  • Thalidomide

    • for esophageal ulcers, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 61

    • mechanism of action, 216

  • Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1, in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, rabbit model, 1561

  • Thrombocytopenia, in infections, 176

  • Thrombosis, in infections, 176

  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, in infections, 176

  • Thymidine kinase, herpes simplex virus, in drug resistance, 487

  • Thymus, apoptosis in, induction by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase, mouse model, 1398

  • Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, in vancomycin-resistance promotion, 384

  • Tick bites, infections associated with, epidemiology, North Carolina, 900

  • Tissue culture, Haemophilus influenzae, protein D effects on, 737

  • Tissue factor pathway, in coagulation, 176

  • Toxic shock syndrome

    • Staphylococcus aureus, vaccination, mouse model, 1365

    • streptococcal, risk factors for, 410

  • Toxoplasmosis, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, risk, CCR5 deletion and, 920

  • Transforming growth factor—β, production

    • in malaria

      • cerebral, 1742

      • in pregnancy, 1987

    • in tuberculosis, 2069

  • Transplantation

    • bone marrow

      • cytomegalovirus neutralizing antibody in, 1747

      • ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in, in pediatric patients, 491

      • viral infection prophylaxis in, 571

    • kidney

      • cytomegalovirus infections in, predictive markers for, 195

      • hepatitis A virus vaccination in, 2014

      • T cell response to cytomegalovirus, 247

    • liver, hepatitis A virus vaccination in, 2014

    • microsporidiosis after, 2006

  • Travelers' diseases, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea

    • bovine hyperimmune milk product activity in, 2056

    • organism identification in, 2053

  • Treponema pallidum

    • identification, in archaeologic skeletal specimen, 2060

    • infections

      • epidemiology, jailed women in New York, 1159

      • genital ulcers in

        • testing for, 1382

        • treatment, 1886

  • Trichomoniasis

    • α-actinin detection in, 1727

    • epidemiology, urban adolescent females, 1624

    • sexually transmitted disease risk and, 1863

  • Trigeminal ganglion, herpes simplex virus reactivation in, mouse model, 821

  • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, resistance to, 1809

    • Pneumocystis carinii, 1969

  • Tropical spastic paraparesis, natural history, proviral DNA levels in, 1487

  • Trovafloxacin, resistance to, streptococci, 555

  • Trypanosoma cruzi

    • infections (Chagas' disease), parasite persistence in, mouse model, 480

    • trans-sialidase, apoptosis induction, mouse model, 1398

  • TT virus

    • detection, polymerase chain reaction for, 1748, 1750

    • epidemiology, 1748

    • infections, hepatitis C with, 27

    • viremia, epidemiology, Italy, 838

  • Tuberculosis (See also Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

    • drug resistance in

      • mutations in, 1751

      • transmission, 1608

    • epidemiology

      • multidrug-resistant, South Africa, 1608

      • Netherlands, 726

    • genetic factors in, mouse model, 150

    • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, immune response in, 2069

    • interferon-τ production in, 2069

    • pleural, transmesothelial monocyte migration in, 1616

    • resistance to, phenotypically activated τδ T cells in, 141

    • T cell sequestration in, 225

    • transmission

      • in human immunodeficiency virus infection, barhopping and, 1245

      • risk factors for, 726

    • treatment

      • anergy reversal in, 225

      • interferon-τ measurement during, 2069

  • Tumor necrosis factor—α

    • amphotericin B and, 1408

    • in Candida albicans infections, Fas-FasL interactions in, mouse model, 1648

    • in cerebral malaria, 1742

    • coagulation system effects, 176

    • in Cryptococcus neoformans infection defense, mouse model, 1637

    • gene polymorphism, human T cell lymphotropic virus type I uveitis susceptibility and, 880

    • in influenza, zanamivir effects on, 586

    • intrahepatic, in hepatitis C, 1704

    • in malaria

      • in anemia, 1753

      • pathogenesis and prognosis, 1288

      • in pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation in, 1987

    • in Mycobacterium avium infections, 1230

    • in pneumococcal infections, in elderly persons, 551

    • response to lipopolysaccharide, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 106

    • in sepsis and septic shock, 908

    • vs. microbiology, 116

    • in Shiga toxin interactions with brain endothelial cells, 1205

    • in streptococci group A defense, 1718

    • in tuberculosis, 2069

    • in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mitogen stimulation, mouse model, 1590

  • Typhoid fever, vaccination, in epidemics, 2089

  • Ulcer(s)

    • esophageal, in human immunodeficiency virus infection

      • pathogenesis, 211

      • treatment with thalidomide, 61

    • genital

      • microbiology, 1382

      • treatment, 1886

    • peptic, Helicobacter pylori, in couples, 2064

  • Umbilical vessels, endothelial cells, Shiga toxin interactions with, 2048

  • Ureaplasma urealyticum, vaginal colonization, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and, 912

  • Urethritis, transmission, circumcision effects on, 330

  • Urinary tract infections

    • Escherichia coli

      • mouse model, 1374

      • prostatitis, virulence characteristics, 1378

    • interleukin-6 production in, in neonates, 904

    • resistance to, neutrophil recruitment in, mouse model, 1220

  • Urine, polyomaviruses in, in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1

  • Uveitis, human T cell lymphotropic virus type I, susceptibility to, tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism and, 880

  • Vaccination

    • Ancylostoma caninum, mouse model, 1674

    • Bordetella pertussis (See also Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

      • acellular, in adults, 397

      • respiratory syncytial virus response in, mouse model, 714

    • cholera, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and, 1709

    • Coccidioides immitis, 243

    • combination, immunologic memory induction by, 538

    • cytomegalovirus

      • canarypox-based, 843

      • glycoprotein B subunit, 1700

      • subunit, 970

    • diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae vaccine with

      • colonization rate after, 1153

      • immunologic memory induction by, 538

    • Haemophilus influenzae

      • combination, avidity maturation after, 1390

      • in combination vaccine, 538

      • herd effect, Brazil, 1153

      • mucosal, mouse model, 122

    • hepatitis A virus, in transplantation, 2014

    • hepatitis A virus/hepatitis B virus combination, immunologic interference in, 2018

    • hepatitis B virus

      • combination, avidity maturation after, 1390

      • granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with, 2023

      • T cell proliferative responses in, 15

    • hepatitis C virus, envelope protein in, 1328

    • hookworm, mouse model, 1674

    • human immunodeficiency virus

      • canarypox-based, 290, 1122

      • in pediatric patients, 626

      • phenotypic analysis after, 641

      • in pregnancy, 1080

    • influenza virus

      • age factors in, 1356

      • immunoglobulin subclass responses in, 1356

      • inactivated, T helper cell response to, mouse model, 579

      • nasal, mouse model, 940

    • malaria, immune effector mechanisms in, 1656

    • measles virus, dose intervals in, 187

    • meningococci, mouse model, 747

    • mucosal, Haemophilus influenzae, mouse model, 122

    • mumps virus, neurovirulence safety test, monkey model, 521

    • nasal

      • Haemophilus influenzae, mouse model, 122

      • interleukin-12 adjuvant for, mouse model, 940

    • Neisseria meningitidis

      • efficacy, 242

      • mouse model, 747

    • pertussis (See also Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

      • acellular, in adults, 397

      • respiratory syncytial virus response in, mouse model, 714

    • pneumococcal

      • crossreactivity in, 1569

      • mouse model, 133

      • nonavalent conjugate, 1171

    • schistosomiasis, mouse model, 454

    • Staphylococcus aureus, mouse model, 1365, 1370

    • streptococci, group B, rabbit model, 892

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae (See subheading pneumococcal)

    • tetanus (See Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

    • typhoid fever, in epidemics, 2089

    • Vibrio cholerae, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and, 1709

  • Vagina

    • candidiasis, macaque model, 802

    • colonization

      • interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and, 912

      • Lactobacillus, species identification, population demographics and, 1950

    • human papillomavirus in, hybrid capture assay for, 1316

    • microbicide for, in genital herpes prevention, mouse model, 199

    • microflora

      • human immunodeficiency virus infection transmission and, 1863

      • population demographics and, 1950

    • nonoxynol-9 preparation effects on, 426

  • Vaginosis, bacterial

    • interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and, 912

    • microbiology, vs. sexual behavior, 1632

    • sexually transmitted disease risk and, 1863

  • Valacyclovir

    • for cytomegalovirus infections, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 695

    • for herpes simplex virus infections, mouse model, 594

  • Vancomycin

    • resistance to, enterococci

      • epidemiology, 1177

      • from interfacility patient transfer, 391

      • mouse model, 384

    • for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 and, rabbit model, 1561

  • Varicella-zoster virus, infections

    • acyclovir prophylaxis for, cellular immunity in, 834

    • zoster in, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1784

  • Vasculitis

    • in infections, 176

    • in Kawasaki disease, immune response defects in, 1869

  • Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, natural history, cane mouse model, 966

  • Vero toxin, Escherichia coli, kidney pathology in, mouse model, 1374

  • Very late antigens, in tuberculosis resistance, 141

  • Vibrio cholerae, vaccination, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and, 1709

  • Viral infections, coagulation disorders and, 176

  • Virulence factors

    • Cryptosporidium parvum, variation among isolates, 1275

    • Escherichia coli, in prostatitis, 1378

    • measles virus, strain variation in, macaque model, 950

    • Mycobacterium avium, 1230

    • streptococci group A, 410

  • Visceral leishmaniasis, treatment, doxorubicin and interferon-τ for, mouse model, 811

  • Vitronectin receptors, on Candida albicans, 156

  • Vulvovaginal candidiasis, macaque model, 802

  • Waterborne diseases

    • microsporidiosis, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2006

    • Norwalk-like gastroenteritis, 1771

    • typhoid fever, vaccination, 2089

  • Weil's syndrome, coagulation disorders in, 176

  • Western blot test, for human T cell lymphotropic virus type I, in neurologic disease, 685

  • Whooping cough, vaccination (See also Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

    • acellular, in adults, 397

    • respiratory syncytial virus response in, mouse model, 714

  • WR 238605 (tafenoquine), for malaria, 1282

  • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, superantigen, colonic epithelial pathophysiology and, mouse model, 1590

  • YKL-40 protein, neutrophil, in pneumonia, 1722

  • Zanamivir, for influenza, 254, 586

  • Zidovudine, for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 76

    • advanced, 659

    • clinical trials, 351

    • with GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) infection, 1334

    • in neonates, 1844

    • pharmacokinetics, 1844

    • resistance to, 99, 865, 1043

    • viral semen loads and, 2039

    • in women, 1844

  • Zoster, epidemiology, in human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1784

© 1999 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
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Index to Volume 180
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