A Review of the Planthopper Genus Armacia Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae) with Descriptions of Four New Species from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

The genus Armacia Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae) is reviewed taxonomically. Four new species of the genus are described and illustrated from West-Pacific region: A. madangensis sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea), A. rubilimba sp. nov. (Indonesia), A. spinae sp. nov. (Indonesia) and A. vigorata sp. nov. (Indonesia), A. albipes (Walker 1868), A. clara (Stål 1859), A. divisura (Walker 1868), A. fusca Melichar 1898, A. hyalinata (Donovan 1805), A. latipennis (Walker 1868), A. nigrifrons (Walker 1858), A. simaethis Fennah 1956, and A. spatiosa (Walker 1868) are redescribed and illustrated. A checklist of all known species and a diagnosis of the genus are provided. A key to all species in the genus is provided.


Introduction
The planthopper family, Ricaniidae, was established by Melichar in 1923 and is one of the larger of the 21 Fulgoroidea families currently recognized, including about 48 genera and over 450 described species (Dlabola 1980;Melichar 1898aMelichar , b, 1923Metcalf 1955;Fennah 1968Fennah , 1969Fennah , 1971Williams and Fennah 1980;Yang 1989;Shcherbakov 2006;Fletcher 2008;Bu et al. 2010). Members of the group are distributed primarily around the tropics with 26 genera in the Afrotropical realm, 17 genera in the Australasian realm, 11 genera in the Indo-Malayan realm, and 9 genera in Oceania (Metcalf 1955;Miklos 1975). To date, five genera in the Ricaniidae are endemic to the Australasian region, e.g. Armacia Stål, Epithalamium Kirkaldy, Hajar Kirkaldy, Motua Distant, and Motumotua Distant. The genus Armacia with 13 described species is the largest endemic Australasian planthopper genus in the Ricaniidae. The last comprehensive review of Armacia was by Melichar (1898aMelichar ( , 1923. Fletcher (2008) only recorded A. hyalinata (Donovan) from Australia and did not treat 12 other species, primarily from Indonesia, Papua, and the Solomon Islands. However, the ricaniid faunas of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea remain inadequately studied and there is still much basic taxonomic work to be done on the group in these regions.
While sorting and identifying Ricaniidae from material in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA and elsewhere, four new species of Armacia from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea were found. In this paper, the genus Armacia and nine previously described species are redescribed and illustrated, in addition to the four new described species. A key is given for the separation of the known species in the genus. A checklist of all known species in the genus is also provided.

Materials and Methods
The specimens studied in the course of this work are deposited in the following institutions, abbreviated in the text as follows: NRS: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; USNM: National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA.
Specimens used for dissection were cleared in 10% KOH at room temperature for ca. 12 hours, rinsed in distilled H 2 O, then transferred to glycerol for examination. Morphological characters were observed with a Zeiss (Stemi SV 11) optical stereomicroscope and were illustrated with the aid of a drawing tube attached to the microscope. Measurements were made with the aid of an eyepiece micrometer.
The morphological terminology followed is that of Bu et al. (2010).
General colour brown to pale green. Vertex mostly brown. Frons fuscous, suffused with brown in middle. Clypeus pale brown, with a narrow pale yellow stripe at middle. Rostrum pallid. Pronotum greenish white. Mesonotum ochraceous with two broad, greenish white stripes along median longitudinal carina. Thorax fuscous ventrally, marked with greenish white. Legs pale; tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous; post-femora pale brown. Abdomen pale green or brown ventrally, marked with fuscous; brown dorsally, with fuscous latitudinal strips; pygofer pale brown. Forewing vitreous, with most cross veins clouded with brown; pale brown costal margin, shaded with fuscous on stigma and towards tip; basal cell partly fuscous. Male genitalia with pygofer ( Figure 14) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube ( Figure 13) moderately large, shallowly convex at ventral margin, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.4:1). Genital styles ( Figure 14) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with apical process acute at tip, in profile longer than wide at middle (3.2:1). Aedeagus (Figures 15-17) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, symmetrical, with pair of rather large, acutely papillose lobes at apex, and two pairs of long processes at each apical angle: dorsal pair directed cephalad, remote at end, reaching to basal three-fifths, ventral pair shorter than dorsal, strongly decurved, directed ventromesad; penis with one triangular membranous process at apex. Etymology. This species is named after its distribution in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

Remarks. This species is similar to A. exacta
Melichar 1898 and A. spatiosa (Walker 1868) in appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by its fore wing with longitudinal veins unforked near apical margin and incomplete subapical line ( Figure 11). It can be separated from A. hyalinata (Donovan 1805) by its clypeus with a narrow pale yellow stripe at middle (Figure 10), anal tube narrower and higher ( Figure 13) and aedeagus with strongly decurved processes (Figures 15-17).
General colour brown, marked with fuscous and ochraceous. Vertex and frons mostly brown. Clypeus brown with a narrow pale yellow stripe at middle. Rostrum pale yellow. Pronotum yellowish white with brown anterior apex. Mesonotum fuscous, with brown on each side. Thorax ventrally pale brown. Legs pale brown, tips of tibiae fuscous. Abdomen brown, with pale red stripes. Forewing with mostly cross veins clouded with brown; costal margin and apical margin brown; basal cell partly brown; stigma fuscous, with white hyaline point. Hindwing with brown apical margin.
Head (including compound eyes) (Figures 6,  18-19) as wide as pronotum. Vertex ( Figure  18) wider at anterior margin than long in middle line (7.8:1). Frons ( Figure 19) wider at widest part than long in middle line (1.3:1); disc tricarinate, sublateral carinae shorter than central carina. Clypeus (Figure 19) triangular, without central carina. Male genitalia with pygofer ( Figure 23) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Figure 22) moderately large, slightly convex at ventral margin, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.5:1). Genital styles ( Figure 23) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with apical process acute at tip, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.7:1). Aedeagus (Figures 24-26) stout and mostly sclerotised, symmetrical, periandrium surrounding penis, distally attached to penis, with pair of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, deeply crossed, pair of ear-like processes near middle at two sides, and pair of dorsomesad directed lateral processes near base, covered with one short fine spine and one long fine spine on dorsal and ventral surfaces, pair of striped processes at base; penis with one medially concave membranous process and pair of irregular membranous lobes on upper margin subapically. Etymology. This species is named for its abdomen with pale red stripes.

Material
Remarks. This species is similar to A. basigera (Walker 1868), but can be separated from the latter by its vertex (7.8:1) and pronotum (5.7:1), abdomen with pale red stripes ( Figure 6). It can be separated from A. clara (Stål 1859) by the apex of the wings ( Figure 20) and aedeagus with a pair of dorsomesad directed lateral processes near base (Figures 24-26).

Distribution. Indonesia (Halmahera Island).
Armacia spinae sp. nov. (Figures 7, 27- Figure 31) moderately large, distinctly convex at ventral margin, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.4:1). Genital styles ( Figure 32) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with apical process acute at tip, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.8:1). Pygofer, anal tube, and genital styles with wrinkle. Aedeagus ( Figures  33-35) stout and mostly sclerotised, periandrium surrounding penis, distally attached to penis, with pair of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, crossed at end, pair of ear-like processes near middle at two sides, and pair of ventromesad directed lateral processes near base, covered with numerous fine spines on dorsal and ventral surfaces near middle, pair of small triangular processes at base; penis with one medially convex membranous process at apex and pair of oval membranous lobes on upper margin subapically.
Etymology. This species is named for its lateral process of aedeagus with numerous fine spines.
Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in Armacia by its clypeus with a Y-shaped pale yellow stripe ( Figure 28), forewing with three brown bands (Figure 29), and wrinkled pygofer and anal tube (Figure 31-32). It is similar to A. albipes (Walker 1868) in appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by the apices of the fore wing, subapical cells, and many cross veins near subapical line (Figure 29).
General colour fuscous, marked with ochraceous and yellowish green. Vertex mostly brown. Frons fuscous, with pale brown stripe along central carina. Clypeus and rostrum yellowish. Pronotum light greenish yellow. Mesonotum fuscous, with light greenish yellow spot near middle. Thorax ventrally fuscous, marked with pale brown. Legs pale, post-femora with distinct long brown stripes, tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous; post-femora fuscous. Abdomen fuscous ventrally; dark brown dorsally, with yellowish brown bands; pygofer brown. Forewing with hyaline apical margin; costal margin hyaline, with some cross veins clouded with fuscous at base; basal cell partly fuscous; stigma fuscous, with white hyaline point.  (Figure 41) slender, with apical process acute at tip, in profile longer than wide at middle (3.4:1). Aedeagus (Figures 42-44) short, stouter, mostly sclerotised, symmetrical, periandrium surrounding penis, distally attached to penis, with pair of short cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, pair of oblong processes near middle at two sides, and pair of long winding lateral processes near base, pair of moderately large triangular processes at base; penis with dorsally rather large, triangular, membranous lobe at apex.
Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in Armacia by its pronotum with indistinct punctate spots remote from central carina (Figure 36), wing vitreous without brown margin (Figure 38), anal tube trapeziform in dorsal view ( Figure  40), genital styles more slender and aedeagus stouter (Figures 41-44). (Figures 1-2 Male genitalia with pygofer ( Figure 50) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Figure 49) moderately large, slightly convex at ventral margin, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.3:1). Genital styles ( Figure 50) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with apical process acute at tip, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.5:1). Aedeagus (Figures 52-54) stout and mostly sclerotised, symmetrical, periandrium surrounding penis, distally attached to penis, with pair of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, deeply crossed, pair of ear-like processes near middle at two sides, and pair of ventromesad directed lateral processes near base, covered with two to five fine spines on dorsal and ventral surfaces; penis with one deeply concave membranous lobe at apex and pair of irregular membranous lobes on upper margin subapically.

Armacia clara (Stål 1859)
Female genitalia (Figure 51) with anal tube relatively small, ventral margin in profile slightly convex; anal style small, bilobed. Gonopophyses VIII (Figure 51) sawlike, strongly sclerotised with about 8 blunt teeth on dorsal margin. Gonoplac ( Figure 51) triangular with many teeth extending along ventral margin. Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in Armacia by its penis with one large deeply concave membranous lobe at apex (Figures 52-54). A. clara includes five subspecies, A. clara clara (Stål)

Redescription.
( shallowly convex at ventral margin, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.2:1). Genital styles ( Figure 60) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with apical process acute at tip, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.4:1). Aedeagus (Figures 62-64) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, symmetrical, with pair of rather large, acutely papillose lobes at apex, and two pairs of long processes at each apical angle: dorsal pair directed cephalad, reaching to basal threefifths, ventral pair shorter than dorsal, nearly straight, directed cephalad, nearly paralleled; penis with one sightly concave membranous process at apex.
Female genitalia ( Figure 61) with anal tube relatively small, ventral margin in profile slightly convex; anal style small, bilobed. Gonopophyses VIII (Figure 61) sawlike, strongly sclerotised with about 7 teeth on dorsal margin. Gonoplac ( Figure 61) triangular with many teeth extending along ventral margin.
General colour testaceous. Pronotum and mesonotum greenish white. Wings vitreous. Forewing with brown stigma and apical angle and a narrow, brown fascia at the middle of apical margin (Figure 75).

Discussion
The taxonomy of Ricaniidae was traditionally based mostly on the morphology of the head and wing, in particular the shape of frons and wing veins. The present study on the genus Armacia, confirms that these characters are the prime diagnostic structures. At the same time, interspecific variation of the aedeagus was added.
In biogeography, the genus Armacia, as reviewed here, comprises 17 species and is endemic to the Australasian region. All species of the genus Armacia are distributed to the east of the Wallace line in eastern Indonesia. The genus Armacia is closely related to Alisca and Plestia. The genus Alisca with 3 species is distributed mainly in the Philippines, which is located to the northwest of Wallace's line, but east of Huxley's extension. The genus Plestia with 28 species is distributed mainly in the South Pacific Region (Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu).  Fennah (1956). High quality figures are available online.