Descriptions of six new species of Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae) from China

Abstract This paper provides diagnoses and keys to species in the Phaonia fuscicoxa -group and the Phaonia barkama -group from China; describes six new species, namely Phaonia subfuscicoxa Xue and Rong, sp. nov. , Phaonia hypotuberosurstyla Xue and Rong, sp. nov. , Phaonia caesiipollinosa Xue and Rong, sp. nov. , Phaonia daliensis Xue and Du, sp. nov. , Phaonia quadratilamella Xue, sp. nov. , and Phaonia maoershanensis Xue, sp. nov. We report the distributions and provide notes on the affinities of known species.


Introduction
Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy is the most species-rich genus in the Muscidae (Diptera), comprising 806 species in the world, of which 377 species have been described from China. During field collection, some new species of the fuscicoxa and barkama groups were discovered. The Phaonia fuscicoxa species group and the Phaonia barkama species group belong to the genus Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy. The Phaonia fuscicoxa species group has 23 known species in China, including two new species described in this paper, and the Phaonia barkama species group has 12 known species in China, including four new species described in this paper.

Materials and Methods
Descriptions were based on adult flies using a combination of external and genitalic features. The morphological terminology follows that of McAlpine (1981). Absolute measurements for the body length are given in millimeters. Descriptions of the species were done in the following order: body length, head, thorax, wings, legs and abdomen. The type specimens of the new species described herein are deposited at the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, China (IESNU).

Key to the adult males of the
18. Hind femur without pv; abdomen without shifting patch, tergite 4-5 with bright black band in posterior mar-gin……………………Phaonia subfuscicoxa Xue and Rong, sp. nov. -Hind femur with 5-6 thick and short pv on basal 3/5; abdomen with shifting patches, tergite 4-5 without band in posterior mar-gin……..Phaonia paradisia Li and Xue, 2001 19. Anterior and posterior spiracles entirely light yellow; basal 2/3 of hind femur without distinct pv……………Phaonia tuberosurstyla Deng and Feng, 1998 -Anterior and posterior spiracle entirely fuscous or dark fuscous; hind femur with pv on basal 2/3………………………………..20 20. Pra slightly shorter than posterior nopopleural seta; hind femur with complete and long pv row…………………………………... ….Phaonia falsifuscicoxa Fang and Fan, 1992 -Pra 2.0× as long as posterior nopopleural seta; hind femur with incomplete pv row, sometimes slightly weak or only 1………...21 21. Parafacial as long as width of flagello-mere1; arista long plumose, the longest hair ≈2.0× as long as width of flagellomere1; basicosta black fuscous……………………… …………………Phaonia xixianga Xue, 1996 -Parafacial narrow, not more than 3/5 to the width of flagellomere1; arista plumose or long plumose, the longest hair not more than 1.3× as long as flagellomere1; basicosta not black……………………………………….22 22. Eyes covered with dense and long ciliae, hind femur with complete av rows, with only 1 medial pv; hind tibia with 2 ad…………..Phaonia fuscicoxa Emden, 1965 -Eyes covered with sparse and short ciliae, hind femur with incomplete av rows, with 3-4 av only on distal 1/4, pv setulae-like, slightly longer on basal part, only half width of hind femur; hind tibia with 1 ad…………Phaonia hypotuberosurstyla Xue and Rong, sp. nov. Remarks. This species resembles P. subaureola Feng and Ma, 2002, but the inner projection of the latter male's cerci doesn't extrude forward in lateral view, the distal margin distinctly sunken in posterior view. the male slightly long in posterior view, surstylus slightly short in lateral view. Remarks. This species resembles P. fuscicoxa Emden, but it differs from the latter in the inner projection of cerci distinctly longer than the outer one, the cerci slightly wide in lateral view; the latter parafacial almost as wide as flagellomere 1; r 4+5 and m 1+2 depart from each other in distal part; hind femur with only 1 pv in the middle, hind tibia with 3 ad. Emden, 1965 Remarks. This species resembles P. falsifuscicoxa Fang and Fan, 1992, but the latter one parafacial ≈1/2 of the width of flagellomere 1; hind femur with a row of pv, hind tibtibia with 2 ad. Remarks. This species resembles P. xixianga Xue, 1996, but it differs from the latter in having frontal setae short and dense, 14-16 pairs, those on upper half slightly longer than ciliae on eyes, those on lower half ≈2.0-3.0× as long as those on upper half, extend to both sides of anterior ocellus; without ors; arista plumose, the longest hair of arista about equal to the width of flagellomere 1; palpus dark brown on basal half and black on distal half, about equal in length to prementum; crossvein dm-cu straight; legs entirely black; mid tibia with 2 p; hind tibia with 2 ad; abdomen with versicolor patches. Feng and Ma, 2002: 327  Remarks. This species resembles P. macroomata Xue and Yang, 1998, but the latter facets apparently enlarged, epistoma and frontal angle situated on a vertical line; male cerci width longer than the length in posterior view, slightly wide in lateral view, surstylus slightly long. Shinonaga and Huang, 2007:23  Remarks. This species resembles P. shaanxiensis Xue and Cao, 1989, the differences between the two species in external feature are listed in the 7th item of the key. Feng, 2004: 616 Type material. Holotype. Male, China: Meigu, Sichuan Province, 1600 m, 11 July 1975, Coll. Tao Ni. The type specimen is deposited at Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, CAS.

Phaonia liangshanica
Remarks. This species resembles P. Shaanxinensis Xue and Cao, 1989, but the latter male parafacial with fr on upper half, femur yellow; abdomen tergite 3 and 4 with black posterior band; cerci width not apparently longer than the length in posterior view. Remarks. This species resembles P. impigerata Feng and Ma, 2002, but the latter genal height ≈1/3 of eye height, parafacial narrow, ≈1/2 of the width of flagellomere 1, epistoma slightly exceeds frontal angle; male cerci width shorter than length in posterior view, slightly narrow in lateral view, surstylus slightly short.
14. Phaonia mimoaureola Ma, Ge and Li, 1992 Remarks. This species resembles P. hirtiorbitalis, but it differs from the latter in havhaving frons about equal width to the anterior ocellus; palpus black; mid tibia with 3 p; abdomen without versicolor patches; the inner injection of cerci in male shorter than the outer one. Li and Xue, 2001: 380 Type material. Holotype. Male, China: Luquan, Yunnan Province, 3,500 m, 10 April 1987, Coll. Fu-hua Li. The type specimen is deposited at IESNU.

Phaonia paradisia
Remarks. This species resembles P. fuscicoxa Emden, 1965, but it differs from the latter in the male eyes with sparse and short ciliae, frons broad, the longest hair of arista ≈2.0× than the width of flagellomere 1, postgena with light yellow hairs; lower and lateral ventral margins of scutellum with black hairs, anterior spiracle light yellow; coxae and trochanters yellow, fore tibia with 2 p, basal 3/5 of hind femur with 5-6 thick and short pv. Xue and Cao, 1989: 166 Type material. Holotype. Male, China: Mt. Taibai, Shanxi Province, 16 August 1982, Coll. Ru-feng Cao. The type specimen is deposited at IESNU.

Phaonia shaanxiensis
Remarks. This species resembles P. comihumera Feng and Ma, but the latter with basicosta yellow brown, femur black; the inner projection of cerci in male slightly short. Remarks. This species resembles P. shaanxiensis Xue and Cao, 1989, but the latter body dark black, thorax with 4 black vittae; the outer projection of cerci in male distinctly short, the inner one long and broad.
Remarks. This species resembles P. aureoloides Hsue, 1984, the differences between the two species in external feature are listed in the 11th item of the key. 20. Phaonia subfuscicoxa Xue and Rong sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A-D) Holotype (Male). Body length 7.5 mm. Head. Eyes covered with long and dense brown ciliae, the upper facets not enlarged; frons narrow, equal to the width of anterior ocellus; frontal vitta black, situated on lower 1/3 of frons; fr 13-14 pairs, including 6-7 pairs thick and long on lower 2/5, 6 pairs thin and short on upper 3/5, shorter than ciliae on eyes; ors absent, ocellar seta long and large, as long as the lower fr, fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with brown-gray pruinosity, para-facial equal to or shorter than flagellomere 1; antenna black brown, flagellomere 1 ≈2.5× as long as wide; arista long plumose, the longest hair ≈1.2-1.3× as wide as antenna; lunule redbrown; epistoma not projecting, vibrissal angle situated behind frontal angle; anterior margin of gena with 2-3 rows of upcurved setae, genal and occiput hairs black; gena height ≈1/4 of eye height; proboscis slender; prementum with dense gray pruinosity, ≈4.0-4.5× as long as height; palpus black brown, thin and long, ≈1.2× as long as prementum; labella large, ≈1/2 as long as prementum.
Wings. Basal and anterior part slightly brown; basicosta brown; costal spine short and small; subcosta bend as a bow; r 4+5 and m 1+2 veins slightly straight, radial node bare; the surrounding of r-m and dm-cu crossveins uncloud; calypteres light brown; halteres brownish yellow.
Legs. Femora and tibiae yellow, trochanters brown-yellow, coxae and tarsi black; fore tibia with 1 medial p; mid femur without distinct av, and with 1-2 pv on basal part, 1 ad and 3 pd on distal part; mid tibia with 3 p, present as a row; hind femur av row slightly complete but irregular, pv absent; hind tibia av 3, ad 3-4, the distal 1/5 with a long and large pd, without apical pv; the length of tarsi longer than tibiae, fore tarsus without long sensitive hairs; claws and pulvillus short, ≈3/5 of tarsomere 5.
Abdomen. Black, roundish in dorsal view, with blue-gray pruinosity, slightly shinning; without shifting patch; tergites with medium black vittae; tergite 3-5 with complete posterior marginal setae row; without distinct discal seta; tergite 1-2 with dense and short body hairs, tergite 3 with sparse and short body hairs; tergite 4-5 with slightly longer and sparse body hairs, the latter marginal without pruinosity, but with bright black band in posterior marginal; sternite 1 bare; sternites 2-4 with 1-2 pairs of strong setae on distal part. Sternite 5 lateral lobe short; distal part of cerci narrow in posterior view; surstyli wide apically in lateral view. Remarks. This species belongs to the Phaonia fuscicoxa-group, it resembles P. fuscicoxa Emden, 1965, but it differs from the latter in fore tibia with 1 medial p, hind femur without pv, mid femur with 1-2 pv on basal part, hind tibia with 3-4 ad; abdomen roundish in dorsal view, tergite 4-5 with bright black band in posterior margin.
Etymology. The specific name refers to its similarity to P. fuscicoxa.
Distribution. China: Guizhou Province. Deng and Feng, 1998: 94  Remarks. This species resembles P. xixianga Xue, 1996, but the latter has a black-brown basicosta; anterior and posterior spiracles brown; hind tibia with 2 av, mid femur with 4-6 pv on basal half; ♂ the inner projection of cerci ≈2.0× as long as the outer one, the anterior margin of surstylus without tuber on basal part. Remarks. This species resembles P. tuberosurstyla Deng and Feng, 1998, but the latter basicosta yellow; anterior and posterior spiracles light yellow-white; hind tibia with 1 av, mid femur with only 2 thick setae on ventral; the inner projection of cerci in male slightly longer than the outer one, the anterior margin of surstylus with a tuber on basal part. 23. Phaonia hypotuberosurstyla Xue and Rong, sp. nov. (Fig. 2A-C) Holotype (Male). Body length 7.4-7.6 mm.
Legs. Entirely yellow except dark tarsi; fore tarsus without long sensitive hairs, fore tibia without medial p; mid femur without av, and with 2-3 pv on basal 1/3; mid tibia with 2 p; hind femur with incomplete av row, and only with 3-4 av on distal 1/4, pv setulae-like, slightly longer on basal part, only 1/2 as long as the diameter of hind femur; hind tibia av 3, ad 1, pd 1, without apical pv.
Abdomen. Dark black, roundish in dorsal view, with gray to brown-gray pruinosity, body hairs dense and short, tergites with me-dial black vittae which not shifting, the width of vitta equal to its diameter, without shifting patches; posterior marginal seta row complete, discal seta 3-4 pairs; tergite 3 without medial marginal seta, lateral posterior marginal with 4-5 setae; sternite 1 bare; sternite 2-5 each with a pair of strong setae on distal part; the inner projection of cerci apparently longer than the outer one, surstyli wide and short in lateral view. Remarks. This species belongs to the Phaonia fuscicoxa-group, and resembles P. tuberosurstyla Deng and Feng, 1998, but it differs from the latter in having a narrow frons, narrower than the width of anterior ocellus; arista long plumose, the longest hair at least 1.3× the width of flagellomere 1; anterior spiracles brown, posterior spiracles dark brown; hind tibia with 3 av; abdomen roundish in dorsal view, sternite 2-5 each with a pair of strong seta on distal part; cerci slightly wide in dorsal view, the inner projection longer than the outer one, surstyli wide and short in lateral view.
Thorax. Black in background color, covered with sparse light gray pruinosity and slightly shining; scutum with brown-gray pruinosity on posterior half, scutum with 4 black vittae, the inner vittae reaching to the middle of scutoscutellar suture, and about half of the length of medium light pruinosity vitta which in front of scutum; acr 0+1; dc 2+4, ial 0+2, pra ≈2.0-2.3× as long as posterior notopleural seta; the flank and lower part of scutellum bare, notopleuron and katepimeron covered with most black hairs; basisternum of prosternum, anepisteron and meron all bare; katepisternal setae 1+2; spiracles dark brown, slightly large.
Wings. Slightly brown on basal part, veins all brown; basicosta black; costal spine short and small, ≈3/5 as long as r-m crossvein; subcosta bend as a bow; the surrounding of r-m and dm-cu crossveins uncloud; radial node bare; dm-cu crossvein slightly bend as an "S", r 4+5 and m 1+2 veins straight, slightly paralleled; calypteres brown, lower calypter ligulate; halteres light yellow, basal part brown.
Legs. Entirely black; fore tibia with 1-2 medial pv; mid femur with hair-like av on basal 1/3, with 3 pd near apical part, 3-4 thick pv on basal 2/5; mid tibia with 3 p, 1-2 pv; hind femur av row complete, sparse and short, pv absent; hind tibia with 3 av, 3 ad, 1 long and large pd on apical 1/4, 1 small pd on sub-basal part, and with a row of short setae on posterior part, the longest seta about as long as the diameter of hind tibia, ≈4-5, without apical pv; the length of tarsi longer than tibiae; claws and pulvillus equal length; fore legs claws and pulvillus about equal to length of tarsomere 5; mid and hind legs claws and pulvillus ≈3/5 of length of tarsomere 5.
Abdomen. Black in ground color, oviform in dorsal view, with homogeneous light gray to blue-gray sparse pruinosity, without shifting patch; tergite 2-5 with medium black narrow vitta, without band in posterior marginal; tergite 3-5 with complete setae row in posterior marginal, body hairs dense, slightly short in the middle and gradually longer on both sides, tergite 5 covered with sparse and shining pruinosity on posterior; sternite 1 with 1-2 pairs of thin hairs, sternite 2 with 2 pairs of long setae. Sternite 3 and 4 with sparse and short body hairs, with a pair of thick setae on posterior part; Sternite 5 lateral lobe short and small.
Remarks. This species belongs to the Phaonia barkama-group, and resembles P. aureipollinosa Xue and Wang, 1986, but it differs from the latter in eyes covered with light yellow and slightly sparse long ciliae; calypter brown; hind tibia with 3 av, 3 ad, and with a row of short setae on posterior part, longest seta about equal to diameter of hind tibia, ≈5-6; abdomen with homogeneous light gray to blue-gray sparse pruinosity, tergites without shifting patch and band in posterior marginal; sternite 1 with 1-2 pairs of thin hairs; cercus distinctly sunk on distal part, the outer projecting shorter than inner one, surstylus slightly long and rectangle.
Etymology. The specific name refers to its similarity to P. aureipollinosa Xue and Wang, 1986, but the new species has blue-gray pruinosity on abdomen. The Latin word "caesi" refers to blue-gray. Remarks. This species resembles P. aureipollinosa Xue and Wang, 1986, but the latter fore tibia with 1-2 medial p; arista long plumose, the longest hairs ≈2.0× as long as the width of flagellomere 1; anterior and posterior spiracle dark brown; Abdomen with brassy yellow dense pruinosity. Remarks. This species resembles P. aureipollinosa Xue and Wang, 1986, but it differs from the latter in genal height ≈2/5 of eye height; thorax with sparse and gray pruinosity; hind femur with obvious av row only in distal half, without pv; hind tibia with 3 av, 2 ad, and with 1 pd on distal 1/4, in sub-basal without pd, and without apical pv; abdomen with sparse gray pruinosity, tergites with black narrow medium vittae, without band in posterior margin and shining patch. Head. Eyes covered with brown and dense long ciliae; frons narrow, shorter than width of anterior ocellus; fronto-orbital plate adjoin in the middle; fr 11-12 pairs, up to both sides of anterior ocellus, upper 5-6 pairs thin and short and about equal to length of ciliae on eyes; ors absent; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial and gena with gray pruinosity, parafacial about equal to the width of flagellomere 1; lunule dark brown; antenna most black, pedicel with brown in distal part; arista long plumose, the longest hair ≈1.8× than width of antenna; flagellomere 1 ≈2.8× as long as wide; facial carina slightly lower; epistoma not projecting to frontal angle; genal height ≈2/9 of eye height; anterior margin of gena with 2 rows of upcurved setae, genal and occiput hairs entirely black; prementum black brown, with gray pruinosity, ≈2.8× as long as height; palpus black, longer than prementum; labellar large, ≈1/2 of length of palpus.
Legs. Yellow except for black tarsi; fore tibia with 1 medial p; mid femur with seta-like av row, 3 pv on basal half, 1 ad near distal part and 4 pd arrange as a row; mid tibia without ad, 3 p, 2-3 pv; hind femur av row complete, slightly sparse, pv absent; hind tibia with 3 av and 2 long large ad in the middle, 1 long and large pd on distal 1/5, sub-basal part without additional pd (only a short one on one side of 1 specimen), without apical pv; the length of tarsi longer than tibia; fore leg claws and pulvillus ≈4/5 as long as tarsomere 5.
Abdomen. Brilliant black, with sparse gray pruinosity, oviform in dorsal view, without shifting patch; tergite with medium black vittae, narrower on posterior part, and indistinct; tergite 4 and 5 with complete posterior marginal setae row and 2-3 pairs of discal setae, tergite 3 with posterior marginal setae only 2-3 long and large on flank; sternite 1 bare, sternite 5 lateral lobe with a pair of long seta; the inner projecting of cercus extrudes forward. Remarks. This species differs from the other species in the Phaonia barkama-group in legs yellow except for black tarsi; male terminalia resembles P. nigribasalis , but anterior margin of gena with 2 rows of upcurved setae, katepimeron bare; basicosta brown-yellow; mid femur with incomplete pv, only 3 on the basal half; abdomen tergite without band in posterior margin.

Female
Etymology. The specific name refers to its type locality.
Wings. Brown in background color, veins fuscous; basicosta dark brown; costal spine short and small; subcosta bend as a bow; radial node bare; r 4+5 and m 1+2 veins straight, slightly depart from each other on distal part; the surrounding of r-m and dm-cu crossveins uncloud; calypteres yellow, lower calypter extrudes as ligule; halteres brown-yellow.
Legs. Entirely black; fore tibia without medial p; mid femur without av , with 5-6 pv on basal 3/5; mid tibia with 3 p, 2 pv; hind femur av irregular, with thin seta-like pv on distal 2/3, middle 4-5 slightly long, longer than diameter of hind femur; hind tibia with 3 av , 2 ad, 1 long and large pd near distal part, and 1-2 short pd on basal part, without apical pv; the length of tarsi longer than tibiae, claws and pulvillus equal length, ≈2/3 than length of tarsomere 5.
Abdomen. Black in background color, oviorm in dorsal view, with light gray to blue-gray dense pruinosity, without shifting patch, pruinosity slightly sparse in posterior, slightly shifting; tergite 2-5 with medium black narrow vittae; tergite 4 and 5 with complete pos-posterior marginal setae row and 3-4 pairs of discal setae; tergite 3 with short posterior marginal setae in the middle, like body hairs; sternite 1 bare, sternite 5 quadrate, lateral lobe with 3-4 long setae; the inner projecting of cercus wide and large. Remarks. This new species belongs to the Phaonia barkama-group, male terminalia resembles P. caudilata Fang and Fan, 1992, it differs from the latter in mid tibia with 3 p, 2 pv; hind femur with complete av row, with pv; cercus not narrow in distal half, and slightly narrow in profile view.
Etymology. The specific name refers to its quadrate sternite 5. The Latin word "quadratus" means quadrate, and "lamellate" means sheet.  Remarks. This species resembles P. nigribasalis Xue, 1996, it differs from the latter in having a vibrissa not bending as an "N"; hind tibia without 1 pd on sub-basal part; abdomen without patch; male surstylus not bend backward in profile view, and round oval on distal part. 9. Phaonia maoershanensis Xue, sp. nov. (Fig. 6A-C) Holotype (Male). Body length 6.5-6.8 mm.
Legs. Entirely black; fore tibia with 1 submedial p; mid femur without av, with 3-4 long and large pv on basal half, 1 a and 3 pd near distal part; mid tibia without ad, with 3 p, 1 pv; hind femur av row distinct, seta-like on basal half, long and large on distal part, irregular, and without pv; hind tibia with 3 av in the middle, 3-4 ad, 1 long and large pd on distal 1/4, without p and pv; the length of tarsi longer than tibiae; claws and pulvillus of fore legs long and large, equal to length of tarsomere 5; claw and pulvillus of mid and hind legs ≈4/5 of length of tarsomere 5.
Abdomen. Shifting black in background color, with gray pruinosity, oviform in dorsal view, without shifting patch; tergite 3, tergite 4 and 5 with medium black vitta on anterior half; tergite 3-5 with complete posterior marginal setae row, tergite 4 and 5 with about 4 pairs of discal seta row, break off in the middle; sternite 1 bare, surstylus axelike in profile view, the inner projecting of cercus slightly narrow.

Remarks. This new species belongs to
Phaonia barkama-group, resembles P. quadratilamella Xue, sp. nov., it differs from the latter in having the fronto-orbital plate adjoin in the middle, lunule brown-yellow, without anterior acr, fore tibia without 1 sub-medial p; surstylus axe-like in profile view, the inner projecting of cercus slightly narrow.
Etymology. The specific name refers to its type locality. Remarks. This species resembles P. yingjinggensis Feng and Ma, 2002, but the latter fronto-orbital plate with silvery-gray pruinosity; costal spine degenerates; abdomen tergite with medium black vitta, without shifting patch. Xue, 1996 Remarks. This species resembles P. aureipollinosa Xue and Wang, 1986. But the latter gena with 2 rows of upcurved subvibrissal setula; mid femur with 2-3 pv only on basal 1/3; abdomen tergite with indistinct medium vitta.