Association of opioid and benzodiazepine coprescribing with adverse events among older adults with cancer

Abstract

Background

Many older adults with cancer are coprescribed opioids/benzodiazepines; evidence on harms is lacking.

Methods

Using SEER-Medicare (2012-2019), we identified patients with breast, colorectal, or lung cancer. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of coprescribing (measured from claims, at the day level) with the immediate risk of overdose, fall/fracture, and all-cause hospitalization. In a secondary analysis, models were stratified by ≥90 days of continuous medication supply.

Results

In our cohort of 107 288 patients, compared with those prescribed neither medication, those prescribed benzodiazepines had an increase in the immediate risk of falls/fractures (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.34) and all-cause hospitalizations (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.12). Patients prescribed opioids had an increase in the immediate risk of overdose (HR = 5.62, 95% CI = 4.86 to 5.62), falls/fractures (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.41 to 1.73), and all-cause hospitalizations (HR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.23 to 1.30). HRs were similar for patients coprescribed opioids/benzodiazepines. For patients without continuous exposure to 1 or both medications, effects were larger for coprescribed opioids/benzodiazepines vs opioids for overdose (HR = 15.22, 95% CI = 8.79 to 26.35 vs HR = 6.85, 95% CI = 6.85 to 26.35) and all-cause hospitalization (HR = 3.21, 95% CI = 2.60 to 3.96 vs HR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.87 to 2.10).

Conclusions

Overall, compared with no prescribing, benzodiazepine prescribing and opioid prescribing were each associated with an increase in the immediate risk of adverse events. Effects were similar for those prescribed opioids and those coprescribed opioids/benzodiazepines. For patients with intermittent vs long-term medication exposure, coprescribing additionally increased the risk of overdose and all-cause hospitalization.