Selective peroxynitrite scavenging activity of 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione from coffee extract

Abstract

It has been known that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as nitric oxide (NO), superoxide radical (^.O⁻₂) and their byproduct peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) induce cellular and tissue injury, ultimately resulting in several human diseases. In this study, we examined scavenging effects of 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione (MCP) from coffee extract on the reactivity of those toxic molecules. MCP significantly inhibited both the oxidation of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (mainly ^.O⁻₂) from kidney homogenate (41% at 100 μM) and the generation of fluorescent 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) by NO from sodium nitroprusside (IC50 (concn producing 50% inhibition), 63.8 μM). More potently, however, MCP suppressed the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) to fluorescent rhodamine 123 mediated by authentic ONOO⁻ with an IC50 value of 3.3 μM. The neutralizing effect of the reactivity of ONOO⁻ by MCP was due to electron donation, not nitration of the compound. Additionally, MCP also decreased ONOO⁻ formation of nitrotyrosine adducts of glutathione (GSH) reductase, and consequently protected the enzyme activity of GSH reductase against decreasing by ONOO⁻, indicating that MCP may prevent ONOO⁻-induced damage of GSH reductase. Furthermore, MCP only weakly suppressed NO production, which is one of the upstream sources of ONOO⁻ in-vivo, suggesting that NO production may be not a pharmacological target for MCP. Taken together, our results suggest that MCP may be regarded as a selective regulator of ONOO⁻-mediated diseases via direct scavenging activity of ONOO⁻.