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For six millennia, the horse has played a signal role in human history and, for the past half millennium, a decisive role in military history. In the modern era in Europe, from the Renaissance to the twentieth century, mounted warfare depended upon the formal training of military horses and riders, and, for at least two centuries, refined systems of manège dressage and equitation provided the theoretical and practical bases for that training. Military firepower steadily evolved over the long nineteenth century, however, and more powerful and accurate guns and rifles both demanded and enabled new mounted tactics and, it follows, training for them. Cavalry complemented and combined manège training of horse and rider with bolder forms of cross-country riding derived largely from foxhunting. In a word, systematic manège dressage and equitation had been appropriate and adequate for large cavalries of heavy horse engaged in close battlefield maneuvers, but manège training of horse and rider together with cross-country training was required for light-horse and dragoons often serving in small detachments over broad distances in the duties of security and reconnaissance.
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