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Abstract
This chapter emphasizes, that among the government, the hasidic activists, and the maskilic activists, the hasidim were clearly the most effective. Their astonishing success was due not only to the outstanding political talents of their leaders but also to their ability to identify and exploit the many significant weaknesses of the other players. It talks about the weaknesses of the government and the maskilic activists, which did not diminish the magnitude of the hasidic success but reminds of the nineteenth-century east European context in which it was achieved: a minority religious community of low social status and lacking civil rights facing a non-democratic state that determined the rules of the game. The state wielded a multitude of mechanisms of social control, ranging from what Pierre Bourdieu has called “symbolic violence” to legislative power to direct force, but always holding the trump card: political dominance. Hasidic politics had to adapt itself to the space created for it, consciously or not, by the state's own politics.
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