
Contents
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Empathy as an Answer to Two Different Questions Empathy as an Answer to Two Different Questions
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Eight Uses of the Term Empathy Eight Uses of the Term Empathy
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Concept 1: Knowing Another Person’s Internal State, Including His or Her Thoughts and Feelings Concept 1: Knowing Another Person’s Internal State, Including His or Her Thoughts and Feelings
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Concept 2: Adopting the Posture or Matching the Neural Responses of an Observed Other Concept 2: Adopting the Posture or Matching the Neural Responses of an Observed Other
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Concept 3: Coming to Feel as Another Person Feels Concept 3: Coming to Feel as Another Person Feels
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Concept 4: Intuiting or Projecting Oneself into Another’s Situation Concept 4: Intuiting or Projecting Oneself into Another’s Situation
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Concept 5: Imagining How Another Is Thinking and Feeling Concept 5: Imagining How Another Is Thinking and Feeling
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Concept 6: Imagining How One Would Think and Feel in the Other’s Place Concept 6: Imagining How One Would Think and Feel in the Other’s Place
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Concept 7: Feeling Distress at Witnessing Another Person’s Suffering Concept 7: Feeling Distress at Witnessing Another Person’s Suffering
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Concept 8: Feeling for Another Person Who Is Suffering Concept 8: Feeling for Another Person Who Is Suffering
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Implications Implications
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Question 1: How Do We Know Another’s Thoughts and Feelings? Question 1: How Do We Know Another’s Thoughts and Feelings?
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Question 2: What Leads One Person to Respond with Sensitivity and Care to the Suffering of Another? Question 2: What Leads One Person to Respond with Sensitivity and Care to the Suffering of Another?
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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Note Note
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References References
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1 These Things Called Empathy: Eight Related but Distinct Phenomena
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Published:March 2009
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Abstract
This chapter addresses two questions that empathy is supposed to answer and relate them to eight distinct phenomena that have been called empathy. The first is how one can know what another person is thinking and feeling and the second is what leads one person to respond with sensitivity and care to the suffering of another. The first phenomenon related to empathy is knowing someone else’s internal state, including his or her thoughts and feelings, also known as cognitive empathy. The second is adopting the posture or matching the neural responses of an observed other, or facial empathy. The third concept is coming to feel as another person feels while the fourth is intuiting or projecting oneself into another’s situation. The fifth concept, imagining how another is thinking and feeling, has been variously termed psychological empathy, projection, and perspective taking. The last three phenomenon have been described as “changing places in fancy,” projective empathy, decentering, personal distress, pity, compassion, sympathetic distress, or simply sympathy.
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