
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Centrality of the Mother Centrality of the Mother
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Mother and Child: Monotropy in Attachment Theory Mother and Child: Monotropy in Attachment Theory
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Primary Claims of Attachment Theory Primary Claims of Attachment Theory
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Monotropy Revisited Monotropy Revisited
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Infant Attachment as Adaptation Infant Attachment as Adaptation
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Attachment Theory: A Culturally Specific View of Relationship Formation Attachment Theory: A Culturally Specific View of Relationship Formation
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Exporting Attachment Theory Exporting Attachment Theory
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Developing an Ecological Framework Developing an Ecological Framework
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Alloparenting as the Human Condition Alloparenting as the Human Condition
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Examples from the Field Examples from the Field
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Grandparents as Caregivers Grandparents as Caregivers
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Sibling Caregivers: Playful Partners and Powerful Protectors Sibling Caregivers: Playful Partners and Powerful Protectors
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Fathers Fathers
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Cradles of Care: A 2 × 2 Paradigm Cradles of Care: A 2 × 2 Paradigm
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Attachment Relationships in Different Child-Rearing Settings Attachment Relationships in Different Child-Rearing Settings
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Future Directions in Researching Attachment Relationships Future Directions in Researching Attachment Relationships
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
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5 Is the Mother Essential for Attachment? Models of Care in Different Cultures
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Published:November 2017
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Abstract
Attachment theory is predicated on the assumption of dyadic relationships between a child and one or a few significant others. Despite its recognition of alloparenting in some cultural environments, current attachment research is heavily biased toward the mother as the major attachment figure in the life of the developing child. This chapter presents evidence that diverse childcare arrangements exist in cultures that differ from Western norms and shows how these are equally normative in their respective cultural contexts. In these settings, alloparenting is neither chaotic nor unstable; it is the norm, not the exception. In all environments, infant care is far more than just an isolated, biopsychological phenomenon: it is an activity deeply imbued with cultural meanings, values, and practices. To account for these multiple levels, the construct of attachment must shift its emphasis away from an individual child toward the network of relationships surrounding a child. Overwhelming evidence on diverse childcare arrangements in non-Western cultures calls the putatively universal model of attachment (derived from the Bowlby-Ainsworth paradigm and still widely applied today) into question. In support of future research, this chapter proposes an inclusive reconceptualization of attachment, informed by research from non-Western cultural settings.
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