
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Attachment: Neural Development across Cultures and Species Attachment: Neural Development across Cultures and Species
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Conceptual Framework: Variation and Neural Development Conceptual Framework: Variation and Neural Development
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“Flexible Glue” Model “Flexible Glue” Model
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State of Current Knowledge State of Current Knowledge
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Neural Foundations of the Attachment System Neural Foundations of the Attachment System
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Sensory Modality Sensory Modality
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Neurohormones Neurohormones
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Parental-Offspring Behavioral and Physiological Synchrony Parental-Offspring Behavioral and Physiological Synchrony
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The Parent/Caregiver Brain The Parent/Caregiver Brain
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Neural Outcomes of Disrupted Attachment and the Development of Competence Neural Outcomes of Disrupted Attachment and the Development of Competence
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Oxytocin Oxytocin
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Brain Morphology and Neurofunction Brain Morphology and Neurofunction
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Neurocognitive Development Neurocognitive Development
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Nonhuman Primates Nonhuman Primates
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Genes, Epigenetics, and Plasticity Genes, Epigenetics, and Plasticity
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Caveats and Limitations Caveats and Limitations
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Open Questions Open Questions
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Generalization, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations Generalization, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations
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Individual Differences, Stability over Time/Development, Range of Variation in Competency Individual Differences, Stability over Time/Development, Range of Variation in Competency
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Evaluation of Domain-Specific Sensory Systems Evaluation of Domain-Specific Sensory Systems
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Animal Models Animal Models
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Possible Research Avenues Possible Research Avenues
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Neural Bases of Initiation and Maintenance of Attachment Neural Bases of Initiation and Maintenance of Attachment
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Variability across Individuals, Culture, and Species Variability across Individuals, Culture, and Species
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Consequences of Adversity across Cultures and Generations Consequences of Adversity across Cultures and Generations
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Integration: Identifying Core Processes to Further Understanding Integration: Identifying Core Processes to Further Understanding
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Conclusion Conclusion
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10 Neural Foundations of Variability in Attachment
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Published:November 2017
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Abstract
Neuroscience offers insight into processes that support the development of the social brain within the cultural contexts that permit attachment relationships to form. Both human and nonhuman animal studies are critical to inform theory development and hypothesis testing via descriptive and experimental studies. A scientifically valid evolutionary theory is necessary to account for the remarkable diversity of parenting systems across human and many nonhuman animals. This chapter examines the neural foundations of attachment and poses critical questions that relate to the initiation of this relationship: How does attachment interface with brain development? What is the interplay between attachment and brain development (including elements of bidirectionality)? Are there negative consequences associated with variation in attachment, and are they reversible? Rather than conceptualizing attachment in terms of a single type of relationship, or a rigid developmental channel, this chapter proposes that an expanded consideration of variation is necessary to understand the neural foundations of infant-caregiver relationships, and the role of those relationships in developing competence across the life span. This approach will permit identification of common neurobiological elements of attachment as well as the remarkable plasticity and diversity within and across individuals, cultures, and species.
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