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When one initially examines some area of the syntax of a natural language, it often seems to manifest what might be called descriptive chaos. For instance, expressions that seem to have parallel meanings and standard syntactic structures nonetheless manifest contrastive syntactic behavior in a variety of ways. An example:
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The two main verbs appear to have parallel psychological meanings and to occur in distinct parallel syntactic frames, (1a,b) and (1c,d), with each frame requiring some type of object. One is thus naturally puzzled to observe that those objects behave contrastively—for example, with respect to complex DP shift or right node raising.1Close
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There might be some impulse to dismiss these contrasts, to set them aside as probably unreal or as merely some lexical fact of little or no significance. In general, I believe any such impulses contribute negatively to the project of uncovering the grammatical truth. Rather than ceding to them, one can and I will systematically consider a distinct possibility: the facts are as they seem to be because despite the real superficial similarities in the structural features of cases like (1a–d), they also manifest less than glaring but perfectly genuine differences in grammatical structure.
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