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The Question of Resistance The Question of Resistance
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The Anticipation of Undocumented Migration The Anticipation of Undocumented Migration
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Conclusion The Ambiguities of Illegality
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Published:October 2022
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Abstract
The Conclusion recaps that runaways were able to find spaces of refuge in southern cities through the interplay of different factors: fugitives, their allies, and their receiving societies crafted them deliberately; slaveholders were unable to prevent flight; state legislators produced a large population of illegal people that camouflaged fugitives; local authorities did not attribute sufficient importance to the issue; and urban employers benefitted from it. The paradox of the time was that many of the developments that enabled fugitive slaves to go unnoticed were not nearly as beneficial for free people of color—plenty of them indeed curtailed their freedom. All Black Americans were illegal in some way or another, always in violation of some law, always presumed criminal. As a result, the urban fugitive fit right in.
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