Note on Language and Sources

Kantrowitz, Stephen

doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469673608.002.0008

Front Matter

Note on Language and Sources

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https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469673608.002.0008

Pages

xi–xii

Published:

April 2023

Extract

This book focuses on the Ho-Chunk people, whom European and U.S. authorities formerly called by other names, including “Winnebagoes.” It shows how a complex nineteenth-century history of exile, diaspora, persistence, and return left the Ho-Chunk people concentrated in two geographically and politically distinct nations. One of these nations, headquartered on tribal lands on the Missouri River, is today known as the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. The other group, composed of those Ho-Chunk people who won the right to remain in Wisconsin, were formerly known as the Wisconsin Winnebagoes, but since the 1990s have been formally known as the Ho-Chunk Nation. In the orthography employed by the Ho-Chunk Nation Language Division, the name for themselves is rendered “Hoocąk.” Because “Ho-Chunk” is today the most common written version in English, familiar to the most readers, I have used that spelling.

Throughout this work, I present terms as they appear in the sources; otherwise, I strive to call people what they wished or wish to be called. Except where sources dictate otherwise, I use “Native Americans,” “Native people” (always with a capital N), or “Indigenous” to describe individuals. I generally use “Native nations” to describe Native political sovereignties and relations; I use the terms “Indian,” “tribe,” or “tribal” when that was or is part of a self-description (for example, “Indian agents” or “Ho-Chunk Nation tribal members”). When discussing people of mixed Native and settler descent, sources often use now-offensive terms such as “half-breed” and “mixed-blood”; I use these terms only in quotation and only when important meaning would otherwise be lost.

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