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In the winter of 1873-74 US soldiers, authorized by Congressional legislation, sought to round up and expel the remaining Ho-Chunk population from Wisconsin to the Winnebago Reservation in Nebraska. This campaign brought immense hardship, suffering, and death, but it ultimately failed. Ho-Chunk people sought help from settler allies who preferred that they remain. They bought small parcels of land in the hope that deeds would immunize them from expulsion. And they petitioned the state and federal governments for relief, asserting that they wished to become citizens of the United States under the egalitarian terms of the Reconstruction Constitution. These efforts did not prevent the expulsion from getting under way, but they did bring to their side an anti-Reconstruction Democratic lawmaker. He used the effort of Midwestern Republicans to expel an unwanted nonwhite population to expose Reconstruction itself as a hypocritical, partisan exercise; he succeeded in adding a provision to the removal legislation that made it formally voluntary. The result was that Ho-Chunk people, once expelled, could quickly return to Wisconsin. By 1875 the federal government gave up and enacted what became known as the Indian Homestead Act, formally allowing the Ho-Chunk to take up public lands, including in Wisconsin.
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