Cancer and Risk of COVID‐19 Through a General Community Survey

Abstract Individuals with cancer may be at high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and adverse outcomes. However, evidence from large population‐based studies examining whether cancer and cancer‐related therapy exacerbates the risk of COVID‐19 infection is still limited. Data were collected from the COVID Symptom Study smartphone application since March 29 through May 8, 2020. Among 23,266 participants with cancer and 1,784,293 without cancer, we documented 10,404 reports of a positive COVID‐19 test. Compared with participants without cancer, those living with cancer had a 60% increased risk of a positive COVID‐19 test. Among patients with cancer, current treatment with chemotherapy or immunotherapy was associated with a 2.2‐fold increased risk of a positive test. The association between cancer and COVID‐19 infection was stronger among participants >65 years and males. Future studies are needed to identify subgroups by tumor types and treatment regimens who are particularly at risk for COVID‐19 infection and adverse outcomes.


INTRODUCTION
Individuals with cancer may be at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, much of the available data are limited to small studies conducted among hospitalized patients. Through a large community-based survey, we sought to determine whether incidence of infection, including milder disease with more limited symptoms, is higher in individuals with cancer, including those on chemotherapy/ immunotherapy.

METHODS
We recruited individuals from the general population in the U.K., U.S., and Sweden using The COVID Symptom Study, a freely available smartphone application developed by Zoe Global Ltd. with scientific input from researchers and clinicians at Massachusetts General Hospital and King's College London. The application offers a guided interface to report a range of baseline demographic information and comorbidities, as previously reported [1]. Participants are encouraged to use the application daily to report symptoms and COVID-19 testing results. We queried if individuals were living with cancer (yes/no) and if they were on chemotherapy or immunotherapy (yes/no) beginning on March 29, 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine the association between cancer and the risk of a positive COVID-19 test, adjusting for age, date, country, and additional covariates including sex, body mass index (<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, and ≥30 kg/m 2 ), history of diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease, and current smoking status (each yes/no). We separately analyzed the risk associated with chemotherapy or immunotherapy for a positive COVID-19 test among individuals with cancer. Twosided p values <.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using R 3.6.1 (Vienna, Austria).

RESULTS
Through May 8, 2020, 1,807,559 participants provided demographic and longitudinal symptom and testing information. Compared with individuals without cancer, those with cancer were older, more frequently male, and more commonly overweight or obese, among other comorbidities (  small sample sizes and are largely based on hospitalized patients, capturing the most severe cases. Individuals living with cancer also tend to be older with greater comorbidities that predispose to hospitalization and adverse events. A retrospective cohort study with 1,035 COVID-19positive patients with cancer in the U.S., Canada, and Spain reported high 30-day all-cause mortality [7]. This study also demonstrated numerically higher rates of death outside the intensive care unit in patients with active cancer, with the reverse pattern seen for those in remission. A prospective cohort study reported that COVID-19 mortality in 800 U.K.based patients with cancer was principally related to advancing age and the presence of other noncancer comorbidities, but not recent anticancer treatment [8]. Our results from a large, community-based sample support that incidence of infection, including milder disease with more limited symptoms, is also higher in individuals with cancer.
Our study was limited by the use of self-reported information collected from individuals who used smartphone devices, thereby under-representing those without smartphones. COVID-19 testing was not based on uniform screening. However, shortages of polymerase chain reaction-based testing kits in both the U.K. and the U.S. early in the pandemic did not make such an approach feasible. Additionally, we had limited data on specific tumor types and treatment regimen. We are planning future studies collecting more detailed information from individuals with cancer with linkage to other data sources.

CONCLUSION
Within a large population-based sample that encompassed more than 20,000 patients with cancer, we demonstrated a significantly increased risk of COVID-19 infection among patients with cancer, which was greater among older and male individuals. Treatment with chemotherapy or immunotherapy was associated with increased risk of infection.