Dynamic N1-Methyladenosine in Plant Messenger RNA

Deposition of different chemical groups onto RNA generates diverse RNA modifications. All types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA can undergo modifications. For example, methylation of the adenosine bases at the nitrogen-6 or nitrogen-1 position generates N-methyladenosine (mA) and N-methyladenosine (mA), which are common in tRNAs and ribosome RNAs (rRNAs) and were recently identified in mRNAs (Roundtree et al., 2017). In contrast to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through chemical modification of DNA and histone proteins, RNA modifications have only recently been shown to have the potential to affectmost posttranscriptional steps in gene expression. Such functionally relevant changes constitute the epitranscriptome. mRNAmodifications change the mRNA structure, which affects its interaction with RNA-dependent proteins during nuclear export and degradation. Modifications in mRNA and/or tRNA affect codon-anticodon interactions and translation efficiency. The well-established mA modification of mRNA exhibits broad effects on mRNA localization, stability, translation, and alternative splicing in yeast, mammals, and plants during development and in challenging environments (Zhao et al., 2017). Only recently was mA revealed in mammalian mRNAs with complementary effects on gene regulation (Dominissini et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016). Whether mA is commonly present in plant mRNAs and its possible functions are poorly understood. Discovering mA and mA prevalent in mRNA benefits from the development of methods that can specifically and sensitively detect and quantify mRNA modifications. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enables direct analysis of the ratio of methylated to nonmethylated adenosine in purified mRNA. Immunoblotting techniques, such as dot blotting, allow indirect detection of mRNA modifications by immunoprecipitation of antibodies that specifically bind to target RNA modifications. Immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing exhibits a great potential to detect RNA modifications at the whole-transcriptome level (Meyer and Jaffrey, 2014). Such epitranscriptomic data depict distribution patterns and positional preferences of mRNA modifications, providing insight into their functions in the regulation of gene expression. In this issue of Plant Physiology, Yang et al. (2020) combined LC-MS/MS, dot blotting, and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (mA-seq) to explore the dynamics of mA and associated pathways in the model plant Petunia hybrida. To determine whether mA (Fig. 1A) is present in plants, Yang et al. (2020) conducted dot blotting and LC-MS/MS on total RNA, rRNA, and mRNA purified from petunia. They detected higher levels of mA modification in the mRNA than in the rRNA. By mA-seq, they identified 4993 mA peaks from 3231 expressed genes, which covered 13.6% of 23,769 expressed genes in the petunia


Dynamic N 1 -Methyladenosine in Plant Messenger RNA
Deposition of different chemical groups onto RNA generates diverse RNA modifications. All types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA can undergo modifications. For example, methylation of the adenosine bases at the nitrogen-6 or nitrogen-1 position generates N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) and N 1 -methyladenosine (m 1 A), which are common in tRNAs and ribosome RNAs (rRNAs) and were recently identified in mRNAs . In contrast to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through chemical modification of DNA and histone proteins, RNA modifications have only recently been shown to have the potential to affect most posttranscriptional steps in gene expression. Such functionally relevant changes constitute the epitranscriptome. mRNA modifications change the mRNA structure, which affects its interaction with RNA-dependent proteins during nuclear export and degradation. Modifications in mRNA and/or tRNA affect codon-anticodon interactions and translation efficiency. The well-established m 6 A modification of mRNA exhibits broad effects on mRNA localization, stability, translation, and alternative splicing in yeast, mammals, and plants during development and in challenging environments (Zhao et al., 2017). Only recently was m 1 A revealed in mammalian mRNAs with complementary effects on gene regulation (Dominissini et al., 2016;Li et al., 2016). Whether m 1 A is commonly present in plant mRNAs and its possible functions are poorly understood.
Discovering m 6 A and m 1 A prevalent in mRNA benefits from the development of methods that can specifically and sensitively detect and quantify mRNA modifications. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enables direct analysis of the ratio of methylated to nonmethylated adenosine in purified mRNA. Immunoblotting techniques, such as dot blotting, allow indirect detection of mRNA modifications by immunoprecipitation of antibodies that specifically bind to target RNA modifications. Immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing exhibits a great potential to detect RNA modifications at the whole-transcriptome level (Meyer and Jaffrey, 2014). Such epitranscriptomic data depict distribution patterns and positional preferences of mRNA modifications, providing insight into their functions in the regulation of gene expression.
In this issue of Plant Physiology, Yang et al. (2020) combined LC-MS/MS, dot blotting, and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (m 1 A-seq) to explore the dynamics of m 1 A and associated pathways in the model plant Petunia hybrida. To determine whether m 1 A (Fig. 1A) is present in plants, Yang et al. (2020) conducted dot blotting and LC-MS/MS on total RNA, rRNA, and mRNA purified from petunia. They detected higher levels of m 1 A modification in the mRNA than in the rRNA. By m 1 A-seq, they identified 4993 m 1 A peaks from 3231 expressed genes, which covered 13.6% of 23,769 expressed genes in the petunia corolla. Interestingly, m 1 A peaks preferentially associated with several motifs near the start codon and within coding sequences when compared with other mRNA structures, such as the 59 untranslated region, 39 untranslated region, and the stop codon (Fig. 1B). This m 1 A positional bias in mRNA is similar to the 5-methylcytosine modification in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) but different from the m 6 A modification, which is preferentially found in the stop codon in Arabidopsis and human (Homo sapiens) cells. The distinct distribution pattern among mRNA modifications may be linked to their unique functions in gene expression.
The m 1 A modification in mRNA showed a spatiotemporal distribution in petunia. Dot blotting and LC-MS/MS revealed that the m 1 A abundance in mRNA differed among roots, stems, leaves, and corolla (Fig. 1C). m 1 A levels also depend on developmental stage, with highest levels in mature leaves and senescent corollas. Although m 1 A levels are positively correlated with protein production in mammals (Li et al., 2016), the m 1 A methylome and transcriptome did not show any linear correlation in the plant corolla. Since m 1 A levels are higher in senescent tissues, Yang et al. (2020) hypothesized that the m 1 A modification may function in senescence. They treated corollas with ethylene, which accelerates senescence, and observed reduced m 1 A levels in corolla mRNA by dot blotting and LC-MS/MS (Fig. 1D). m 1 A-seq analysis revealed that ethylene treatment caused a whole-genome redistribution of m 1 A in the mRNA pool. Some mRNAs showed qualitative variation with either loss or gain of m 1 A modifications, while others showed quantitative variation with either increased or reduced m 1 A levels. Interestingly, the changes in the m 1 A methylome and transcriptome resulting from the ethylene treatment showed a slightly but significantly positive correlation, indicating a link between m 1 A modification and gene expression. Thus, plants can modulate m 1 A levels in mRNA to coordinate tissue-or developmental-stage-specific signals and stimuli from the environment.
The dynamics of m 1 A in mRNA are precisely balanced by the action of writers (methyltransferases) and erasers (demethylases; Zhao et al., 2017). In yeast and mammals, tRNA methyltransferase transfers methyl groups from S-adenosyl-Met to specific RNA positions. Yang et al. (2020) identified a tRNA-specific methyltransferase 61A (PhTRMT61A) with in vitro methyltransferase capacity. PhTRMT61A is transcribed in leaves, roots, stems, and corollas and can be repressed by ethylene. The encoded protein localizes to the nucleus, suggesting its function in the methylation of nuclear RNA. Loss of PhTRMT61A caused a chlorotic and wrinkled leaf phenotype with decreased leaf chlorophyll content and small cells. Thus, PhTRMT61A functions in cellular processes by regulating m 1 A levels in petunia nuclear RNA.
Taken together, Yang et al. (2020) revealed the dynamics of m 1 A modification in petunia mRNAs in diverse tissues and developmental stages. Dynamic m 1 A profiling is finely tuned by the writer PhTRMT61A and the eraser, although the identity of the latter remains unclear in petunia. These findings provide insight into the complex transcriptional, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic mechanisms controlling gene transcription and translation in response to signals from within the plant and from the external environment.