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JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

A14 - Sociology of Economics

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C0 - General

C02 - Mathematical Methods

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C10 - General

C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General

C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General

C13 - Estimation: General

C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General

C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General

C18 - Methodological Issues: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes

C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models

C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C50 - General

C51 - Model Construction and Estimation

C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection

C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods

C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis

C58 - Financial Econometrics

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis

C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium

C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools

C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

C70 - General

C72 - Noncooperative Games

C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games

C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access

C9 - Design of Experiments

C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

C93 - Field Experiments

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General

D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D15 - Intertemporal Household Choice: Life Cycle Models and Saving

D18 - Consumer Protection

D2 - Production and Organizations

D20 - General

D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D25 - Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

D40 - General

D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

D44 - Auctions

D47 - Market Design

D49 - Other

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D50 - General

D51 - Exchange and Production Economies

D52 - Incomplete Markets

D53 - Financial Markets

D6 - Welfare Economics

D60 - General

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D70 - General

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D80 - General

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D84 - Expectations; Speculations

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory

D87 - Neuroeconomics

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

D90 - General

D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E0 - General

E00 - General

E03 - Behavioral Macroeconomics

E1 - General Aggregative Models

E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E20 - General

E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth

E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity

E23 - Production

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E30 - General

E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation

E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E40 - General

E41 - Demand for Money

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems

E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects

E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

E47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E50 - General

E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers

E52 - Monetary Policy

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E60 - General

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

E62 - Fiscal Policy

E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy

E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy

E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

E66 - General Outlook and Conditions

E7 - Macro-Based Behavioral Economics

E71 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F02 - International Economic Order and Integration

F1 - Trade

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F3 - International Finance

F30 - General

F31 - Foreign Exchange

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

F38 - International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F40 - General

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics

F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F44 - International Business Cycles

F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F63 - Economic Development

F65 - Finance

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G00 - General

G01 - Financial Crises

G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions

G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates

G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing

G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

G15 - International Financial Markets

G17 - Financial Forecasting and Simulation

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G19 - Other

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies

G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G29 - Other

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G30 - General

G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

G35 - Payout Policy

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

G39 - Other

G4 - Behavioral Finance

G40 - General

G41 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets

G5 - Household Finance

G50 - General

G51 - Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth

G52 - Insurance

G53 - Financial Literacy

H - Public Economics

H0 - General

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H19 - Other

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H22 - Incidence

H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H31 - Household

H32 - Firm

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General

H41 - Public Goods

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H50 - General

H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions

H56 - National Security and War

H57 - Procurement

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General

H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

H74 - State and Local Borrowing

H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H81 - Governmental Loans; Loan Guarantees; Credits; Grants; Bailouts

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I1 - Health

I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets

I12 - Health Behavior

I13 - Health Insurance, Public and Private

I14 - Health and Inequality

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid

I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions

I28 - Government Policy

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J00 - General

J1 - Demographic Economics

J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse

J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

J18 - Public Policy

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J20 - General

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

J23 - Labor Demand

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies

J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J30 - General

J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions

J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods

J38 - Public Policy

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J41 - Labor Contracts

J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

J46 - Informal Labor Markets

J49 - Other

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings

J68 - Public Policy

J7 - Labor Discrimination

J71 - Discrimination

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J88 - Public Policy

K - Law and Economics

K1 - Basic Areas of Law

K12 - Contract Law

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K22 - Business and Securities Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K31 - Labor Law

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K34 - Tax Law

K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure

L23 - Organization of Production

L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L29 - Other

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce

L85 - Real Estate Services

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation

L94 - Electric Utilities

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M0 - General

M00 - General

M1 - Business Administration

M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation

M13 - New Firms; Startups

M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility

M16 - International Business Administration

M2 - Business Economics

M20 - General

M21 - Business Economics

M3 - Marketing and Advertising

M30 - General

M31 - Marketing

M37 - Advertising

M4 - Accounting and Auditing

M40 - General

M41 - Accounting

M42 - Auditing

M48 - Government Policy and Regulation

M5 - Personnel Economics

M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions

M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects

M54 - Labor Management

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative

N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

N20 - General, International, or Comparative

N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N23 - Europe: Pre-1913

N24 - Europe: 1913-

N25 - Asia including Middle East

N27 - Africa; Oceania

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

N43 - Europe: Pre-1913

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N8 - Micro-Business History

N80 - General, International, or Comparative

N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O30 - General

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

O35 - Social Innovation

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General

O43 - Institutions and Growth

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O53 - Asia including Middle East

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P16 - Political Economy

P18 - Energy: Environment

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions

P34 - Financial Economics

P39 - Other

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q02 - Commodity Markets

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q31 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General

Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q50 - General

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R0 - General

R00 - General

R1 - General Regional Economics

R10 - General

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R2 - Household Analysis

R20 - General

R21 - Housing Demand

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R30 - General

R31 - Housing Supply and Markets

R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis

R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

R38 - Government Policy

R4 - Transportation Economics

R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

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Journal Article

Why Do Boards Exist? Governance Design in the Absence of Corporate Law Get access

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Mike Burkart and others

The Review of Financial Studies, Volume 36, Issue 5, May 2023, Pages 1788–1836, https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhac072

Published: 30 September 2022

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