Nested Growth Curve Models Estimating Associations Between Race, cSES, and Region of Childhood Residence With Later-Life Cognitive Performance at Baseline and Over a 6-Year Period
| Multilevel growth models . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (age) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.67*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) |
| Time (age-squared) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) |
| Baseline cognition | ||||
| Black | −9.11*** (0.40) | −9.34*** (0.44) | −6.18*** (0.70) | −6.76*** (0.72) |
| cSES (standardized) | 1.19*** (0.13) | 1.21*** (0.14) | 1.18*** (0.13) | 0.72*** (0.17) |
| SCR | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.21*** (0.38) | −2.17*** (0.38) |
| Black × cSES | −0.29 (0.39) | −1.50* (0.69) | ||
| Black × SCR | −4.31*** (0.84) | −3.95*** (0.90) | ||
| cSES × SCR | 1.75*** (0.30) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR | 0.28 (0.86) | |||
| Change in cognition | ||||
| Black × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.17* (0.07) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.14 (0.11) |
| cSES × Time | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| SCR × Time | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.11* (0.06) |
| Black × cSES × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.11 (0.10) | ||
| Black × SCR × Time | −0.02 (0.13) | −0.05 (0.14) | ||
| cSES × SCR × Time | 0.07 (0.04) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR × Time | −0.07 (0.12) | |||
| Intercept | 59.34*** (0.27) | 59.36*** (0.27) | 59.20*** (0.27) | 59.27*** (0.27) |
| Multilevel growth models . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (age) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.67*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) |
| Time (age-squared) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) |
| Baseline cognition | ||||
| Black | −9.11*** (0.40) | −9.34*** (0.44) | −6.18*** (0.70) | −6.76*** (0.72) |
| cSES (standardized) | 1.19*** (0.13) | 1.21*** (0.14) | 1.18*** (0.13) | 0.72*** (0.17) |
| SCR | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.21*** (0.38) | −2.17*** (0.38) |
| Black × cSES | −0.29 (0.39) | −1.50* (0.69) | ||
| Black × SCR | −4.31*** (0.84) | −3.95*** (0.90) | ||
| cSES × SCR | 1.75*** (0.30) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR | 0.28 (0.86) | |||
| Change in cognition | ||||
| Black × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.17* (0.07) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.14 (0.11) |
| cSES × Time | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| SCR × Time | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.11* (0.06) |
| Black × cSES × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.11 (0.10) | ||
| Black × SCR × Time | −0.02 (0.13) | −0.05 (0.14) | ||
| cSES × SCR × Time | 0.07 (0.04) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR × Time | −0.07 (0.12) | |||
| Intercept | 59.34*** (0.27) | 59.36*** (0.27) | 59.20*** (0.27) | 59.27*** (0.27) |
Notes: cSES = childhood socioeconomic status; SCR = Southern childhood residence. Standard errors in parentheses. All models control for college education, current Southern residence, and gender.
***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.
Nested Growth Curve Models Estimating Associations Between Race, cSES, and Region of Childhood Residence With Later-Life Cognitive Performance at Baseline and Over a 6-Year Period
| Multilevel growth models . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (age) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.67*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) |
| Time (age-squared) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) |
| Baseline cognition | ||||
| Black | −9.11*** (0.40) | −9.34*** (0.44) | −6.18*** (0.70) | −6.76*** (0.72) |
| cSES (standardized) | 1.19*** (0.13) | 1.21*** (0.14) | 1.18*** (0.13) | 0.72*** (0.17) |
| SCR | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.21*** (0.38) | −2.17*** (0.38) |
| Black × cSES | −0.29 (0.39) | −1.50* (0.69) | ||
| Black × SCR | −4.31*** (0.84) | −3.95*** (0.90) | ||
| cSES × SCR | 1.75*** (0.30) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR | 0.28 (0.86) | |||
| Change in cognition | ||||
| Black × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.17* (0.07) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.14 (0.11) |
| cSES × Time | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| SCR × Time | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.11* (0.06) |
| Black × cSES × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.11 (0.10) | ||
| Black × SCR × Time | −0.02 (0.13) | −0.05 (0.14) | ||
| cSES × SCR × Time | 0.07 (0.04) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR × Time | −0.07 (0.12) | |||
| Intercept | 59.34*** (0.27) | 59.36*** (0.27) | 59.20*** (0.27) | 59.27*** (0.27) |
| Multilevel growth models . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (age) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) | −0.67*** (0.04) | −0.68*** (0.04) |
| Time (age-squared) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) | −0.01*** (0.00) |
| Baseline cognition | ||||
| Black | −9.11*** (0.40) | −9.34*** (0.44) | −6.18*** (0.70) | −6.76*** (0.72) |
| cSES (standardized) | 1.19*** (0.13) | 1.21*** (0.14) | 1.18*** (0.13) | 0.72*** (0.17) |
| SCR | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.84*** (0.36) | −2.21*** (0.38) | −2.17*** (0.38) |
| Black × cSES | −0.29 (0.39) | −1.50* (0.69) | ||
| Black × SCR | −4.31*** (0.84) | −3.95*** (0.90) | ||
| cSES × SCR | 1.75*** (0.30) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR | 0.28 (0.86) | |||
| Change in cognition | ||||
| Black × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.17* (0.07) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.14 (0.11) |
| cSES × Time | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| SCR × Time | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.11* (0.06) |
| Black × cSES × Time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.11 (0.10) | ||
| Black × SCR × Time | −0.02 (0.13) | −0.05 (0.14) | ||
| cSES × SCR × Time | 0.07 (0.04) | |||
| Black × cSES × SCR × Time | −0.07 (0.12) | |||
| Intercept | 59.34*** (0.27) | 59.36*** (0.27) | 59.20*** (0.27) | 59.27*** (0.27) |
Notes: cSES = childhood socioeconomic status; SCR = Southern childhood residence. Standard errors in parentheses. All models control for college education, current Southern residence, and gender.
***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.
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