Baseline Characteristics of Participants, According to Levels of Depressive Symptoms and Purpose in Life
| Characteristics . | Depressive symptoms . | . | Purpose in life . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | ≥1 (n = 501) . | None (n = 356) . | Higher (above median) [3.9–5] (n = 440) . | Lower (below median) [2–3.8] (n = 417) . |
| Mean score of purpose in life (SD) | 3.8 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.3) |
| Mean number of depressive symptoms (SD) | 2.3 (1.7) | 0 | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.8 (2.0) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 73.2 (6.6) | 73.6 (6.2) | 72.4 (5.8) | 74.4 (6.9) |
| Female, % | 80 | 74 | 77 | 78 |
| Mean education (SD), years | 14.4 (3.4) | 15.0 (3.5) | 15.6 (3.5) | 13.7 (3.1) |
| Antidepressant medication, % | 9 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| Mean number of comorbidities (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) |
| Mean number of reported physical activitiesa (SD) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never | 48 | 50 | 51 | 47 |
| Former | 43 | 44 | 42 | 45 |
| Current | 9 | 6 | 7 | 9 |
| Mean baseline cognitive function (SD), z-scores | ||||
| Global cognition | −0.13 (0.54) | −0.01 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.49) | −0.22 (0.53) |
| Episodic memory | 0.01 (0.59) | 0.10 (0.59) | 0.17 (0.55) | −0.08 (0.60) |
| Semantic memory | −0.17 (0.80) | −0.01 (0.70) | 0.03 (0.70) | −0.24 (0.79) |
| Visuospatial ability | −0.39 (0.82) | −0.30 (0.79) | −0.21 (0.75) | −0.51 (0.83) |
| Perceptual speed | −0.15 (0.77) | −0.02 (0.74) | 0.08 (0.74) | −0.28 (0.74) |
| Working memory | −0.22 (0.77) | −0.05 (0.72) | −0.04 (0.73) | −0.27 (0.76) |
| Characteristics . | Depressive symptoms . | . | Purpose in life . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | ≥1 (n = 501) . | None (n = 356) . | Higher (above median) [3.9–5] (n = 440) . | Lower (below median) [2–3.8] (n = 417) . |
| Mean score of purpose in life (SD) | 3.8 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.3) |
| Mean number of depressive symptoms (SD) | 2.3 (1.7) | 0 | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.8 (2.0) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 73.2 (6.6) | 73.6 (6.2) | 72.4 (5.8) | 74.4 (6.9) |
| Female, % | 80 | 74 | 77 | 78 |
| Mean education (SD), years | 14.4 (3.4) | 15.0 (3.5) | 15.6 (3.5) | 13.7 (3.1) |
| Antidepressant medication, % | 9 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| Mean number of comorbidities (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) |
| Mean number of reported physical activitiesa (SD) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never | 48 | 50 | 51 | 47 |
| Former | 43 | 44 | 42 | 45 |
| Current | 9 | 6 | 7 | 9 |
| Mean baseline cognitive function (SD), z-scores | ||||
| Global cognition | −0.13 (0.54) | −0.01 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.49) | −0.22 (0.53) |
| Episodic memory | 0.01 (0.59) | 0.10 (0.59) | 0.17 (0.55) | −0.08 (0.60) |
| Semantic memory | −0.17 (0.80) | −0.01 (0.70) | 0.03 (0.70) | −0.24 (0.79) |
| Visuospatial ability | −0.39 (0.82) | −0.30 (0.79) | −0.21 (0.75) | −0.51 (0.83) |
| Perceptual speed | −0.15 (0.77) | −0.02 (0.74) | 0.08 (0.74) | −0.28 (0.74) |
| Working memory | −0.22 (0.77) | −0.05 (0.72) | −0.04 (0.73) | −0.27 (0.76) |
Notes: SD = standard deviation.
aNumber of physical activities (among walking, gardening, and exercise) practiced within the past 2 weeks.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants, According to Levels of Depressive Symptoms and Purpose in Life
| Characteristics . | Depressive symptoms . | . | Purpose in life . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | ≥1 (n = 501) . | None (n = 356) . | Higher (above median) [3.9–5] (n = 440) . | Lower (below median) [2–3.8] (n = 417) . |
| Mean score of purpose in life (SD) | 3.8 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.3) |
| Mean number of depressive symptoms (SD) | 2.3 (1.7) | 0 | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.8 (2.0) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 73.2 (6.6) | 73.6 (6.2) | 72.4 (5.8) | 74.4 (6.9) |
| Female, % | 80 | 74 | 77 | 78 |
| Mean education (SD), years | 14.4 (3.4) | 15.0 (3.5) | 15.6 (3.5) | 13.7 (3.1) |
| Antidepressant medication, % | 9 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| Mean number of comorbidities (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) |
| Mean number of reported physical activitiesa (SD) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never | 48 | 50 | 51 | 47 |
| Former | 43 | 44 | 42 | 45 |
| Current | 9 | 6 | 7 | 9 |
| Mean baseline cognitive function (SD), z-scores | ||||
| Global cognition | −0.13 (0.54) | −0.01 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.49) | −0.22 (0.53) |
| Episodic memory | 0.01 (0.59) | 0.10 (0.59) | 0.17 (0.55) | −0.08 (0.60) |
| Semantic memory | −0.17 (0.80) | −0.01 (0.70) | 0.03 (0.70) | −0.24 (0.79) |
| Visuospatial ability | −0.39 (0.82) | −0.30 (0.79) | −0.21 (0.75) | −0.51 (0.83) |
| Perceptual speed | −0.15 (0.77) | −0.02 (0.74) | 0.08 (0.74) | −0.28 (0.74) |
| Working memory | −0.22 (0.77) | −0.05 (0.72) | −0.04 (0.73) | −0.27 (0.76) |
| Characteristics . | Depressive symptoms . | . | Purpose in life . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | ≥1 (n = 501) . | None (n = 356) . | Higher (above median) [3.9–5] (n = 440) . | Lower (below median) [2–3.8] (n = 417) . |
| Mean score of purpose in life (SD) | 3.8 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.3) |
| Mean number of depressive symptoms (SD) | 2.3 (1.7) | 0 | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.8 (2.0) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 73.2 (6.6) | 73.6 (6.2) | 72.4 (5.8) | 74.4 (6.9) |
| Female, % | 80 | 74 | 77 | 78 |
| Mean education (SD), years | 14.4 (3.4) | 15.0 (3.5) | 15.6 (3.5) | 13.7 (3.1) |
| Antidepressant medication, % | 9 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| Mean number of comorbidities (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) |
| Mean number of reported physical activitiesa (SD) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never | 48 | 50 | 51 | 47 |
| Former | 43 | 44 | 42 | 45 |
| Current | 9 | 6 | 7 | 9 |
| Mean baseline cognitive function (SD), z-scores | ||||
| Global cognition | −0.13 (0.54) | −0.01 (0.50) | 0.06 (0.49) | −0.22 (0.53) |
| Episodic memory | 0.01 (0.59) | 0.10 (0.59) | 0.17 (0.55) | −0.08 (0.60) |
| Semantic memory | −0.17 (0.80) | −0.01 (0.70) | 0.03 (0.70) | −0.24 (0.79) |
| Visuospatial ability | −0.39 (0.82) | −0.30 (0.79) | −0.21 (0.75) | −0.51 (0.83) |
| Perceptual speed | −0.15 (0.77) | −0.02 (0.74) | 0.08 (0.74) | −0.28 (0.74) |
| Working memory | −0.22 (0.77) | −0.05 (0.72) | −0.04 (0.73) | −0.27 (0.76) |
Notes: SD = standard deviation.
aNumber of physical activities (among walking, gardening, and exercise) practiced within the past 2 weeks.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
